Phase–Frequency Cooperative Optimization of HMDV Dynamic Inertial Suspension System with Generalized Ground-Hook Control
Hub motor-driven vehicles (HMDVs) suffer from poor handling and stability due to an increased unsprung mass and unbalanced radial electromagnetic forces. Although traditional ground-hook control reduces the dynamic tire load, it severely worsens the body acceleration. This paper presents a generaliz...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Yihong Ping Xiaofeng Yang Yi Yang Yujie Shen Shaocong Zeng Shihang Dai Jingchen Hong |
| author_facet | Yihong Ping Xiaofeng Yang Yi Yang Yujie Shen Shaocong Zeng Shihang Dai Jingchen Hong |
| author_sort | Yihong Ping |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hub motor-driven vehicles (HMDVs) suffer from poor handling and stability due to an increased unsprung mass and unbalanced radial electromagnetic forces. Although traditional ground-hook control reduces the dynamic tire load, it severely worsens the body acceleration. This paper presents a generalized ground-hook control strategy based on impedance transfer functions to address the parameter redundancy in structural methods. A quarter-vehicle model with a switched reluctance motor wheel hub drive was used to study different orders of generalized ground-hook impedance transfer function control strategies for dynamic inertial suspension. An enhanced fish swarm parameter optimization method identified the optimal solutions for different structural orders. Analyses showed that the third-order control strategy optimized the body acceleration by 2%, reduced the dynamic tire load by 8%, and decreased the suspension working space by 22%. This strategy also substantially lowered the power spectral density for the body acceleration and dynamic tire load in the low-frequency band of 1.2 Hz. Additionally, it balanced computational complexity and performance, having slightly higher complexity than lower-order methods but much less than higher-order structures, meeting real-time constraints. To address time-domain deviations from generalized ground-hook control in semi-active systems, a dynamic compensation strategy was proposed: eight topological structures were created by modifying the spring–damper structure. A deviation correction mechanism was devised based on the frequency-domain coupling characteristics between the wheel speed and suspension relative velocity. For ride comfort and road-friendliness, a dual-frequency control criterion was introduced: in the low-frequency range, energy transfer suppression and phase synchronization locking were realized by constraining the ground-hook damping coefficient or inertance coefficient, while in the high-frequency range, the inertia-dominant characteristic was enhanced, and dynamic phase adaptation was permitted to mitigate road excitations. The results show that only the T0 and T5 structures met dynamic constraints across the frequency spectrum. Time-domain simulations showed that the deviation between the T5 structure and the third-order generalized ground-hook impedance model was relatively small, outperforming traditional and T0 structures, validating the model’s superior adaptability in high-order semi-active suspension. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2075-1702 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Machines |
| spelling | doaj-art-c4ddfc7110ac4fedb4c71d1046ff592c2025-08-20T03:08:01ZengMDPI AGMachines2075-17022025-06-0113755610.3390/machines13070556Phase–Frequency Cooperative Optimization of HMDV Dynamic Inertial Suspension System with Generalized Ground-Hook ControlYihong Ping0Xiaofeng Yang1Yi Yang2Yujie Shen3Shaocong Zeng4Shihang Dai5Jingchen Hong6School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaSchool of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaAutomotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaSchool of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaSchool of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaSchool of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaHub motor-driven vehicles (HMDVs) suffer from poor handling and stability due to an increased unsprung mass and unbalanced radial electromagnetic forces. Although traditional ground-hook control reduces the dynamic tire load, it severely worsens the body acceleration. This paper presents a generalized ground-hook control strategy based on impedance transfer functions to address the parameter redundancy in structural methods. A quarter-vehicle model with a switched reluctance motor wheel hub drive was used to study different orders of generalized ground-hook impedance transfer function control strategies for dynamic inertial suspension. An enhanced fish swarm parameter optimization method identified the optimal solutions for different structural orders. Analyses showed that the third-order control strategy optimized the body acceleration by 2%, reduced the dynamic tire load by 8%, and decreased the suspension working space by 22%. This strategy also substantially lowered the power spectral density for the body acceleration and dynamic tire load in the low-frequency band of 1.2 Hz. Additionally, it balanced computational complexity and performance, having slightly higher complexity than lower-order methods but much less than higher-order structures, meeting real-time constraints. To address time-domain deviations from generalized ground-hook control in semi-active systems, a dynamic compensation strategy was proposed: eight topological structures were created by modifying the spring–damper structure. A deviation correction mechanism was devised based on the frequency-domain coupling characteristics between the wheel speed and suspension relative velocity. For ride comfort and road-friendliness, a dual-frequency control criterion was introduced: in the low-frequency range, energy transfer suppression and phase synchronization locking were realized by constraining the ground-hook damping coefficient or inertance coefficient, while in the high-frequency range, the inertia-dominant characteristic was enhanced, and dynamic phase adaptation was permitted to mitigate road excitations. The results show that only the T0 and T5 structures met dynamic constraints across the frequency spectrum. Time-domain simulations showed that the deviation between the T5 structure and the third-order generalized ground-hook impedance model was relatively small, outperforming traditional and T0 structures, validating the model’s superior adaptability in high-order semi-active suspension.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/7/556HMDVgeneralized ground-hook controlvehicle dynamic inertial suspensionhandling stabilityphase deviation |
| spellingShingle | Yihong Ping Xiaofeng Yang Yi Yang Yujie Shen Shaocong Zeng Shihang Dai Jingchen Hong Phase–Frequency Cooperative Optimization of HMDV Dynamic Inertial Suspension System with Generalized Ground-Hook Control Machines HMDV generalized ground-hook control vehicle dynamic inertial suspension handling stability phase deviation |
| title | Phase–Frequency Cooperative Optimization of HMDV Dynamic Inertial Suspension System with Generalized Ground-Hook Control |
| title_full | Phase–Frequency Cooperative Optimization of HMDV Dynamic Inertial Suspension System with Generalized Ground-Hook Control |
| title_fullStr | Phase–Frequency Cooperative Optimization of HMDV Dynamic Inertial Suspension System with Generalized Ground-Hook Control |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phase–Frequency Cooperative Optimization of HMDV Dynamic Inertial Suspension System with Generalized Ground-Hook Control |
| title_short | Phase–Frequency Cooperative Optimization of HMDV Dynamic Inertial Suspension System with Generalized Ground-Hook Control |
| title_sort | phase frequency cooperative optimization of hmdv dynamic inertial suspension system with generalized ground hook control |
| topic | HMDV generalized ground-hook control vehicle dynamic inertial suspension handling stability phase deviation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/7/556 |
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