Terpene mixtures and metabolic syndrome in the US general population: exploring the mediating role of insulin resistance
Abstract Background Terpenes have been shown to have an effect on metabolic status. However, it is unclear how they are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and whether insulin resistance (IR) mechanisms are involved. Methods This cross-sectional study included data from the National Health...
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2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20926-7 |
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| author | Dan’an Wang Wei Zhang Zhenni Zhao Duanbin Li Yuan Fang Zijie Wang Jingyi Lv Yi Luan Wenbin Zhang |
| author_facet | Dan’an Wang Wei Zhang Zhenni Zhao Duanbin Li Yuan Fang Zijie Wang Jingyi Lv Yi Luan Wenbin Zhang |
| author_sort | Dan’an Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Terpenes have been shown to have an effect on metabolic status. However, it is unclear how they are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and whether insulin resistance (IR) mechanisms are involved. Methods This cross-sectional study included data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014). Serum terpenes (α- pinene, β- pinene, and limonene) were quantified by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MetS was diagnosed by lipid, glucose, blood pressure, and waist circumference criteria. IR status was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) model and triglyceride-glucose index. Regression analysis models, mixed-effects models (weighted quantile sum regression models, quantile g-computation and Bayesian Kernel machine regression models), and mediation analysis were used for analysis. Results Among 1563 U.S. general population (mean age 39.0 years), 447 (28.6%) had a diagnosis of MetS, and the median concentration was 0.08 ng/mL for α- pinene, 0.08 ng/mL for β- pinene, and 1.18 ng/mL for limonene. The terpene mixture showed positive joint association with MetS (OR = 1.454, 95%CI = 1.153, 1.833) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.569, 95%CI = 0.196, 0.942), with limonene contributing relatively large weights in both MetS (41.1%) and HOMA-IR (68.9%). Furthermore, HOMA-IR was positively associated with MetS (OR = 2.299, 95%CI = 1.888, 2.817) and its diagnostic components. When identified as a mediator, HOMA-IR accounted for approximately 15.8%, 20.0%, and 14.3% of the indirect effects between terpenes (α- pinene, β- pinene, and limonene) and MetS, respectively. The results were consistent when the IR biomarker was replaced by triglyceride-glucose index. Conclusion Serum terpenes were positively associated with MetS, which might be partially mediated by the mechanism of IR. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c4ab689e2e09482d8be31a1c8e168a67 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-c4ab689e2e09482d8be31a1c8e168a672025-08-20T02:43:27ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582024-12-0124111510.1186/s12889-024-20926-7Terpene mixtures and metabolic syndrome in the US general population: exploring the mediating role of insulin resistanceDan’an Wang0Wei Zhang1Zhenni Zhao2Duanbin Li3Yuan Fang4Zijie Wang5Jingyi Lv6Yi Luan7Wenbin Zhang8Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityDepartment of Cardiology, Lishui People’s Hospital, The Six Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNursing Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineDepartment of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityDepartment of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityDepartment of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityAbstract Background Terpenes have been shown to have an effect on metabolic status. However, it is unclear how they are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and whether insulin resistance (IR) mechanisms are involved. Methods This cross-sectional study included data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014). Serum terpenes (α- pinene, β- pinene, and limonene) were quantified by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MetS was diagnosed by lipid, glucose, blood pressure, and waist circumference criteria. IR status was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) model and triglyceride-glucose index. Regression analysis models, mixed-effects models (weighted quantile sum regression models, quantile g-computation and Bayesian Kernel machine regression models), and mediation analysis were used for analysis. Results Among 1563 U.S. general population (mean age 39.0 years), 447 (28.6%) had a diagnosis of MetS, and the median concentration was 0.08 ng/mL for α- pinene, 0.08 ng/mL for β- pinene, and 1.18 ng/mL for limonene. The terpene mixture showed positive joint association with MetS (OR = 1.454, 95%CI = 1.153, 1.833) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.569, 95%CI = 0.196, 0.942), with limonene contributing relatively large weights in both MetS (41.1%) and HOMA-IR (68.9%). Furthermore, HOMA-IR was positively associated with MetS (OR = 2.299, 95%CI = 1.888, 2.817) and its diagnostic components. When identified as a mediator, HOMA-IR accounted for approximately 15.8%, 20.0%, and 14.3% of the indirect effects between terpenes (α- pinene, β- pinene, and limonene) and MetS, respectively. The results were consistent when the IR biomarker was replaced by triglyceride-glucose index. Conclusion Serum terpenes were positively associated with MetS, which might be partially mediated by the mechanism of IR.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20926-7Metabolic syndromeTerpenesInsulin resistanceHigh triglyceridesMediation |
| spellingShingle | Dan’an Wang Wei Zhang Zhenni Zhao Duanbin Li Yuan Fang Zijie Wang Jingyi Lv Yi Luan Wenbin Zhang Terpene mixtures and metabolic syndrome in the US general population: exploring the mediating role of insulin resistance BMC Public Health Metabolic syndrome Terpenes Insulin resistance High triglycerides Mediation |
| title | Terpene mixtures and metabolic syndrome in the US general population: exploring the mediating role of insulin resistance |
| title_full | Terpene mixtures and metabolic syndrome in the US general population: exploring the mediating role of insulin resistance |
| title_fullStr | Terpene mixtures and metabolic syndrome in the US general population: exploring the mediating role of insulin resistance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Terpene mixtures and metabolic syndrome in the US general population: exploring the mediating role of insulin resistance |
| title_short | Terpene mixtures and metabolic syndrome in the US general population: exploring the mediating role of insulin resistance |
| title_sort | terpene mixtures and metabolic syndrome in the us general population exploring the mediating role of insulin resistance |
| topic | Metabolic syndrome Terpenes Insulin resistance High triglycerides Mediation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20926-7 |
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