The Association of Vitamin D, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) with Development in Children
Background: Short stature remains a global problem and is associated with vitamin D status. Vitamin D is also a neurosteroid with regard to neurotrophic factors but its role in development is unclear. Therefore, this study analyzed the relationships between vitamin D, NGF, GDNF, and BDNF and develop...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Children |
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| author | Mia Milanti Dewi Akhmad Imron Nelly Amalia Risan Grace Mediana Raden Tina Dewi Judistiani Budi Setiabudiawan |
| author_facet | Mia Milanti Dewi Akhmad Imron Nelly Amalia Risan Grace Mediana Raden Tina Dewi Judistiani Budi Setiabudiawan |
| author_sort | Mia Milanti Dewi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Short stature remains a global problem and is associated with vitamin D status. Vitamin D is also a neurosteroid with regard to neurotrophic factors but its role in development is unclear. Therefore, this study analyzed the relationships between vitamin D, NGF, GDNF, and BDNF and developmental status in children with a history of short stature (<2 years). Methods: This research is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in March 2022. The vitamin D, NGF, GDNF, and BDNF levels were measured in stored biological materials from children aged 2–4 years, and their Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) scores were also assessed. The results were analyzed via the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney test for NGF, unpaired <i>t</i>-test, and Spearman rank correlation. Results: Among the 85 study subjects, 41.2% were short in stature, with 37% having developmental deviation. Male sex (<i>p</i> = 0.038) and low maternal education (<i>p</i> = 0.024) were associated with short stature. The mean vitamin D level was lower (<i>p</i> = 0.041) in children with short stature (27.65 ng/dL). The risk factors associated with short stature were vitamin D levels ≤ 32.7 ng/dL, GDNF levels ≤ 12.99 ng/mL, male sex, and low maternal education. Children with short stature (<2 years old) also demonstrated impaired problem-solving as assessed by the ASQ-3 (<i>p</i> = 0.005). Vitamin D was also associated with gross motor skills (<i>p</i> = 0.035) and personal social development (<i>p</i> = 0.038). Conclusions: There was no association of vitamin D with NGF, GDNF, or BDNF levels. Vitamin D levels are associated with short stature and development in children, especially gross motor skills, personal social development, and problem solving. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c463b83eda8444fdba18715f465c2c36 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj-art-c463b83eda8444fdba18715f465c2c362025-01-24T13:27:09ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672025-01-011216010.3390/children12010060The Association of Vitamin D, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) with Development in ChildrenMia Milanti Dewi0Akhmad Imron1Nelly Amalia Risan2Grace Mediana3Raden Tina Dewi Judistiani4Budi Setiabudiawan5Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung 40161, West Java, IndonesiaNeurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung 40161, West Java, IndonesiaChild Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung 40161, West Java, IndonesiaBandung City Health Service, Bandung 40161, West Java, IndonesiaPublic Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, West Java, IndonesiaChild Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung 40161, West Java, IndonesiaBackground: Short stature remains a global problem and is associated with vitamin D status. Vitamin D is also a neurosteroid with regard to neurotrophic factors but its role in development is unclear. Therefore, this study analyzed the relationships between vitamin D, NGF, GDNF, and BDNF and developmental status in children with a history of short stature (<2 years). Methods: This research is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in March 2022. The vitamin D, NGF, GDNF, and BDNF levels were measured in stored biological materials from children aged 2–4 years, and their Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) scores were also assessed. The results were analyzed via the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney test for NGF, unpaired <i>t</i>-test, and Spearman rank correlation. Results: Among the 85 study subjects, 41.2% were short in stature, with 37% having developmental deviation. Male sex (<i>p</i> = 0.038) and low maternal education (<i>p</i> = 0.024) were associated with short stature. The mean vitamin D level was lower (<i>p</i> = 0.041) in children with short stature (27.65 ng/dL). The risk factors associated with short stature were vitamin D levels ≤ 32.7 ng/dL, GDNF levels ≤ 12.99 ng/mL, male sex, and low maternal education. Children with short stature (<2 years old) also demonstrated impaired problem-solving as assessed by the ASQ-3 (<i>p</i> = 0.005). Vitamin D was also associated with gross motor skills (<i>p</i> = 0.035) and personal social development (<i>p</i> = 0.038). Conclusions: There was no association of vitamin D with NGF, GDNF, or BDNF levels. Vitamin D levels are associated with short stature and development in children, especially gross motor skills, personal social development, and problem solving.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/60child developmentglial cellneurotrophic factorsnerve growth factorvitamin D |
| spellingShingle | Mia Milanti Dewi Akhmad Imron Nelly Amalia Risan Grace Mediana Raden Tina Dewi Judistiani Budi Setiabudiawan The Association of Vitamin D, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) with Development in Children Children child development glial cell neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor vitamin D |
| title | The Association of Vitamin D, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) with Development in Children |
| title_full | The Association of Vitamin D, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) with Development in Children |
| title_fullStr | The Association of Vitamin D, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) with Development in Children |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Association of Vitamin D, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) with Development in Children |
| title_short | The Association of Vitamin D, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) with Development in Children |
| title_sort | association of vitamin d nerve growth factor ngf brain derived neurotrophic factor bdnf and glial cell derived neurotrophic factor gdnf with development in children |
| topic | child development glial cell neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor vitamin D |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/1/60 |
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