Targeting myeloid cells to improve cancer immune therapy

Tumor immunosuppression remains a major barrier to effective cancer immunotherapy and is often driven by the immunoregulatory activities of innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Myeloid populations—including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic...

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Main Authors: Hui Chen, Zihan Xu, Judith Varner
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1623436/full
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author Hui Chen
Hui Chen
Zihan Xu
Judith Varner
Judith Varner
author_facet Hui Chen
Hui Chen
Zihan Xu
Judith Varner
Judith Varner
author_sort Hui Chen
collection DOAJ
description Tumor immunosuppression remains a major barrier to effective cancer immunotherapy and is often driven by the immunoregulatory activities of innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Myeloid populations—including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic cells, granulocytes, monocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)—play pivotal roles in dampening anti-tumor immune responses and promoting tumor progression. Recent advances in our understanding of myeloid cell biology have unveiled new therapeutic opportunities to disrupt these immunosuppressive mechanisms associated with tumor inflammation. This review highlights key signaling pathways and surface molecules involved in myeloid-mediated immune suppression, including CSF1R, PI3Kγ, mTOR, Syk, MerTK/Axl, and immune checkpoints such as Trem2, LILRBs, VISTA, and CD40. We examine preclinical and clinical findings that support targeting these pathways to reprogram the TME and enhance anti-tumor immunity. By integrating insights from mechanistic studies and therapeutic development, this review underscores the potential of myeloid cell-targeting strategies as promising adjuncts to current cancer immunotherapies. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges in translating these approaches into durable clinical benefit.
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spelling doaj-art-c44cd76e66e841b48559a4137d2ffb4e2025-08-20T03:31:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-07-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.16234361623436Targeting myeloid cells to improve cancer immune therapyHui Chen0Hui Chen1Zihan Xu2Judith Varner3Judith Varner4Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesMoores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesMoores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United StatesTumor immunosuppression remains a major barrier to effective cancer immunotherapy and is often driven by the immunoregulatory activities of innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Myeloid populations—including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic cells, granulocytes, monocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)—play pivotal roles in dampening anti-tumor immune responses and promoting tumor progression. Recent advances in our understanding of myeloid cell biology have unveiled new therapeutic opportunities to disrupt these immunosuppressive mechanisms associated with tumor inflammation. This review highlights key signaling pathways and surface molecules involved in myeloid-mediated immune suppression, including CSF1R, PI3Kγ, mTOR, Syk, MerTK/Axl, and immune checkpoints such as Trem2, LILRBs, VISTA, and CD40. We examine preclinical and clinical findings that support targeting these pathways to reprogram the TME and enhance anti-tumor immunity. By integrating insights from mechanistic studies and therapeutic development, this review underscores the potential of myeloid cell-targeting strategies as promising adjuncts to current cancer immunotherapies. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges in translating these approaches into durable clinical benefit.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1623436/fullmyeloid celltumor associated macrophage (TAM)PI3KgammaTREM2CSF1R (colony stimulating factor 1 receptor)Axl
spellingShingle Hui Chen
Hui Chen
Zihan Xu
Judith Varner
Judith Varner
Targeting myeloid cells to improve cancer immune therapy
Frontiers in Immunology
myeloid cell
tumor associated macrophage (TAM)
PI3Kgamma
TREM2
CSF1R (colony stimulating factor 1 receptor)
Axl
title Targeting myeloid cells to improve cancer immune therapy
title_full Targeting myeloid cells to improve cancer immune therapy
title_fullStr Targeting myeloid cells to improve cancer immune therapy
title_full_unstemmed Targeting myeloid cells to improve cancer immune therapy
title_short Targeting myeloid cells to improve cancer immune therapy
title_sort targeting myeloid cells to improve cancer immune therapy
topic myeloid cell
tumor associated macrophage (TAM)
PI3Kgamma
TREM2
CSF1R (colony stimulating factor 1 receptor)
Axl
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1623436/full
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