Chlorpyrifos Detection Based on 9-Fluorenone Oxime

Chlorpyrifos is one of the most toxic organophosphate pesticides, prompting its ban in Europe in 2020. Consequently, developing a detection method that is both selective and sensitive is essential for protecting human health and the environment. In this study, we report for the first time a fluoresc...

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Main Authors: Edoardo Donà, Aleksandra Lobnik
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Chemosensors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/5/170
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author Edoardo Donà
Aleksandra Lobnik
author_facet Edoardo Donà
Aleksandra Lobnik
author_sort Edoardo Donà
collection DOAJ
description Chlorpyrifos is one of the most toxic organophosphate pesticides, prompting its ban in Europe in 2020. Consequently, developing a detection method that is both selective and sensitive is essential for protecting human health and the environment. In this study, we report for the first time a fluorescent probe based on an oxime for the direct detection of chlorpyrifos. 9-fluorenone oxime, upon deprotonation with a phosphazene base, undergoes a nucleophilic attack on chlorpyrifos, resulting in a significant alteration of its fluorescence properties. Following careful optimization, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98) over a concentration range of 350 to 6980 μg/L, with a limit of detection of 15.5 μg/L. Furthermore, the probe was successfully applied to chlorpyrifos detection in water samples, yielding satisfactory results. This approach effectively overcomes the stability limitations of enzyme-based fluorescent sensors, offering a robust and innovative solution for the detection of organophosphate pesticides.
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institution DOAJ
issn 2227-9040
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publishDate 2025-05-01
publisher MDPI AG
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series Chemosensors
spelling doaj-art-c41fe798623143589fd59bd55be521542025-08-20T03:14:32ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402025-05-0113517010.3390/chemosensors13050170Chlorpyrifos Detection Based on 9-Fluorenone OximeEdoardo Donà0Aleksandra Lobnik1Institute for Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska 7, SI-2000 Maribor, SloveniaInstitute for Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska 7, SI-2000 Maribor, SloveniaChlorpyrifos is one of the most toxic organophosphate pesticides, prompting its ban in Europe in 2020. Consequently, developing a detection method that is both selective and sensitive is essential for protecting human health and the environment. In this study, we report for the first time a fluorescent probe based on an oxime for the direct detection of chlorpyrifos. 9-fluorenone oxime, upon deprotonation with a phosphazene base, undergoes a nucleophilic attack on chlorpyrifos, resulting in a significant alteration of its fluorescence properties. Following careful optimization, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98) over a concentration range of 350 to 6980 μg/L, with a limit of detection of 15.5 μg/L. Furthermore, the probe was successfully applied to chlorpyrifos detection in water samples, yielding satisfactory results. This approach effectively overcomes the stability limitations of enzyme-based fluorescent sensors, offering a robust and innovative solution for the detection of organophosphate pesticides.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/5/170organophosphate pesticidechlorpyrifosfluorenone oximefluorescencephosphazene
spellingShingle Edoardo Donà
Aleksandra Lobnik
Chlorpyrifos Detection Based on 9-Fluorenone Oxime
Chemosensors
organophosphate pesticide
chlorpyrifos
fluorenone oxime
fluorescence
phosphazene
title Chlorpyrifos Detection Based on 9-Fluorenone Oxime
title_full Chlorpyrifos Detection Based on 9-Fluorenone Oxime
title_fullStr Chlorpyrifos Detection Based on 9-Fluorenone Oxime
title_full_unstemmed Chlorpyrifos Detection Based on 9-Fluorenone Oxime
title_short Chlorpyrifos Detection Based on 9-Fluorenone Oxime
title_sort chlorpyrifos detection based on 9 fluorenone oxime
topic organophosphate pesticide
chlorpyrifos
fluorenone oxime
fluorescence
phosphazene
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/13/5/170
work_keys_str_mv AT edoardodona chlorpyrifosdetectionbasedon9fluorenoneoxime
AT aleksandralobnik chlorpyrifosdetectionbasedon9fluorenoneoxime