Crisis versus extended care: bimodal distribution of length of stay in psychiatric inpatients
Abstract Background The length of stay (LoS) in psychiatric facilities is a critical metric for healthcare planning and resource allocation. While previous research has established that LoS distributions are typically right-skewed across medical specialties, detailed characterizations of these distr...
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2025-07-01
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| Series: | BMC Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07149-9 |
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| author | Andreas B. Hofmann Tobias R. Spiller Jeremy A. Rapaport Philipp Homan Erich Seifritz Stefan Vetter Stephan T. Egger Achim Burrer |
| author_facet | Andreas B. Hofmann Tobias R. Spiller Jeremy A. Rapaport Philipp Homan Erich Seifritz Stefan Vetter Stephan T. Egger Achim Burrer |
| author_sort | Andreas B. Hofmann |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The length of stay (LoS) in psychiatric facilities is a critical metric for healthcare planning and resource allocation. While previous research has established that LoS distributions are typically right-skewed across medical specialties, detailed characterizations of these distributions within psychiatric settings remain limited, particularly regarding variations across diagnostic categories. Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 17,687 psychiatric hospitalizations at the University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich between 2013 and 2020. Using both linear and logarithmic visualizations, we examined LoS distribution patterns across diagnostic groups based on ICD-10 classifications. Results Following identified distribution patterns, patients could be categorized into short-stay (1–10 days) and long-stay (11–200 days) groups for comparative analysis. LoS distribution demonstrated a bimodal pattern when visualized on a logarithmic scale, with distinct peaks representing short-term crisis interventions and longer therapeutic hospitalizations. This bimodal distribution was particularly evident in anxiety and stress-related disorders and major depressive disorder. Diagnostic categories differed significantly in their LoS-distribution patterns, with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, organic mental disorders, and bipolar disorders more frequently requiring extended hospitalizations. Long-stay patients exhibited higher admission HoNOS scores (median 20 vs. 18) and were significantly older (median 49 vs. 39 years) than short-stay patients. Conclusions Our findings reveal that psychiatric hospitalization durations follow a bimodal rather than simply right-skewed distribution, suggesting two distinct patient populations requiring fundamentally different treatment approaches. This pattern varies systematically across diagnostic categories but transcends diagnostic boundaries, indicating that factors beyond primary diagnosis influence treatment duration. These results support the development of differentiated care structures addressing both acute crisis intervention and extended therapeutic needs within psychiatric care systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c3c82eab8715499e99efbea58230ff2e |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1471-244X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-c3c82eab8715499e99efbea58230ff2e2025-08-20T03:05:16ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2025-07-0125111410.1186/s12888-025-07149-9Crisis versus extended care: bimodal distribution of length of stay in psychiatric inpatientsAndreas B. Hofmann0Tobias R. Spiller1Jeremy A. Rapaport2Philipp Homan3Erich Seifritz4Stefan Vetter5Stephan T. Egger6Achim Burrer7Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich (PUK)Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich (PUK)Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich (PUK)Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich (PUK)Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich (PUK)Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich (PUK)Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich (PUK)Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich (PUK)Abstract Background The length of stay (LoS) in psychiatric facilities is a critical metric for healthcare planning and resource allocation. While previous research has established that LoS distributions are typically right-skewed across medical specialties, detailed characterizations of these distributions within psychiatric settings remain limited, particularly regarding variations across diagnostic categories. Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 17,687 psychiatric hospitalizations at the University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich between 2013 and 2020. Using both linear and logarithmic visualizations, we examined LoS distribution patterns across diagnostic groups based on ICD-10 classifications. Results Following identified distribution patterns, patients could be categorized into short-stay (1–10 days) and long-stay (11–200 days) groups for comparative analysis. LoS distribution demonstrated a bimodal pattern when visualized on a logarithmic scale, with distinct peaks representing short-term crisis interventions and longer therapeutic hospitalizations. This bimodal distribution was particularly evident in anxiety and stress-related disorders and major depressive disorder. Diagnostic categories differed significantly in their LoS-distribution patterns, with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, organic mental disorders, and bipolar disorders more frequently requiring extended hospitalizations. Long-stay patients exhibited higher admission HoNOS scores (median 20 vs. 18) and were significantly older (median 49 vs. 39 years) than short-stay patients. Conclusions Our findings reveal that psychiatric hospitalization durations follow a bimodal rather than simply right-skewed distribution, suggesting two distinct patient populations requiring fundamentally different treatment approaches. This pattern varies systematically across diagnostic categories but transcends diagnostic boundaries, indicating that factors beyond primary diagnosis influence treatment duration. These results support the development of differentiated care structures addressing both acute crisis intervention and extended therapeutic needs within psychiatric care systems.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07149-9Length of stayHospitalizationBimodalDistributionInpatientPsychiatric hospital |
| spellingShingle | Andreas B. Hofmann Tobias R. Spiller Jeremy A. Rapaport Philipp Homan Erich Seifritz Stefan Vetter Stephan T. Egger Achim Burrer Crisis versus extended care: bimodal distribution of length of stay in psychiatric inpatients BMC Psychiatry Length of stay Hospitalization Bimodal Distribution Inpatient Psychiatric hospital |
| title | Crisis versus extended care: bimodal distribution of length of stay in psychiatric inpatients |
| title_full | Crisis versus extended care: bimodal distribution of length of stay in psychiatric inpatients |
| title_fullStr | Crisis versus extended care: bimodal distribution of length of stay in psychiatric inpatients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Crisis versus extended care: bimodal distribution of length of stay in psychiatric inpatients |
| title_short | Crisis versus extended care: bimodal distribution of length of stay in psychiatric inpatients |
| title_sort | crisis versus extended care bimodal distribution of length of stay in psychiatric inpatients |
| topic | Length of stay Hospitalization Bimodal Distribution Inpatient Psychiatric hospital |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07149-9 |
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