Mechanical behavior of coal and rock with central hole defects under eccentric loading conditions

Abstract Coal and rock masses in mining projects are often subjected to varying degrees of eccentric loading. To analyze the effect of eccentric loading on the mechanical properties and damage evolution law of coal and rock containing hole defects, a biaxial compression test of coal and rock with ec...

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Main Authors: Lina Ge, Jiajia Feng, Zhixuan Jia, Tao Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02810-5
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author Lina Ge
Jiajia Feng
Zhixuan Jia
Tao Wang
author_facet Lina Ge
Jiajia Feng
Zhixuan Jia
Tao Wang
author_sort Lina Ge
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Coal and rock masses in mining projects are often subjected to varying degrees of eccentric loading. To analyze the effect of eccentric loading on the mechanical properties and damage evolution law of coal and rock containing hole defects, a biaxial compression test of coal and rock with eccentric loading was carried out with the help of PFC particle flow program. The results show that the peak stress of the coal and rock decreases linearly with the increase of the eccentricity coefficient under different circumferential pressures. The dominant crack pattern is influenced by the relative position of the hole defects to the loaded area. When the hole defects are located within the loaded area, the main control cracks formed pass through the hole defects, and when the hole defects are located outside the loaded area, the main control cracks do not pass through the hole defects. The evolution process of the number of microcracks in concrete under uniformly distributed load and eccentric load conditions can be divided into three stages: the calm period in the initial loading stage, the pre peak propagation period from the crack initiation point to the peak point, and the rapid increase period after the peak.
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spelling doaj-art-c3a338c01ea044ba9c457b0b0beac9d92025-08-20T03:16:50ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111210.1038/s41598-025-02810-5Mechanical behavior of coal and rock with central hole defects under eccentric loading conditionsLina Ge0Jiajia Feng1Zhixuan Jia2Tao Wang3School of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and TechnologySchool of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and TechnologySchool of Vehicle and Transportation Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and TechnologySchool of Safety and Emergency Management Engineering, Taiyuan University of TechnologyAbstract Coal and rock masses in mining projects are often subjected to varying degrees of eccentric loading. To analyze the effect of eccentric loading on the mechanical properties and damage evolution law of coal and rock containing hole defects, a biaxial compression test of coal and rock with eccentric loading was carried out with the help of PFC particle flow program. The results show that the peak stress of the coal and rock decreases linearly with the increase of the eccentricity coefficient under different circumferential pressures. The dominant crack pattern is influenced by the relative position of the hole defects to the loaded area. When the hole defects are located within the loaded area, the main control cracks formed pass through the hole defects, and when the hole defects are located outside the loaded area, the main control cracks do not pass through the hole defects. The evolution process of the number of microcracks in concrete under uniformly distributed load and eccentric load conditions can be divided into three stages: the calm period in the initial loading stage, the pre peak propagation period from the crack initiation point to the peak point, and the rapid increase period after the peak.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02810-5Coal and rockEccentric loadingMechanical behaviorParticle flow
spellingShingle Lina Ge
Jiajia Feng
Zhixuan Jia
Tao Wang
Mechanical behavior of coal and rock with central hole defects under eccentric loading conditions
Scientific Reports
Coal and rock
Eccentric loading
Mechanical behavior
Particle flow
title Mechanical behavior of coal and rock with central hole defects under eccentric loading conditions
title_full Mechanical behavior of coal and rock with central hole defects under eccentric loading conditions
title_fullStr Mechanical behavior of coal and rock with central hole defects under eccentric loading conditions
title_full_unstemmed Mechanical behavior of coal and rock with central hole defects under eccentric loading conditions
title_short Mechanical behavior of coal and rock with central hole defects under eccentric loading conditions
title_sort mechanical behavior of coal and rock with central hole defects under eccentric loading conditions
topic Coal and rock
Eccentric loading
Mechanical behavior
Particle flow
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02810-5
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AT jiajiafeng mechanicalbehaviorofcoalandrockwithcentralholedefectsundereccentricloadingconditions
AT zhixuanjia mechanicalbehaviorofcoalandrockwithcentralholedefectsundereccentricloadingconditions
AT taowang mechanicalbehaviorofcoalandrockwithcentralholedefectsundereccentricloadingconditions