Design and Demonstration of a Hybrid FES-BCI-Based Robotic Neurorehabilitation System for Lower Limbs
Background: There are only a few available options for early rehabilitation of severely impaired individuals who must remain bedbound, as most exercise paradigms focus on out-of-bed exercises. To enable these individuals to exercise, we developed a novel hybrid rehabilitation system combining a brai...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4571 |
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| author | Kasper S. Leerskov Erika G. Spaich Mads R. Jochumsen Lotte N. S. Andreasen Struijk |
| author_facet | Kasper S. Leerskov Erika G. Spaich Mads R. Jochumsen Lotte N. S. Andreasen Struijk |
| author_sort | Kasper S. Leerskov |
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| description | Background: There are only a few available options for early rehabilitation of severely impaired individuals who must remain bedbound, as most exercise paradigms focus on out-of-bed exercises. To enable these individuals to exercise, we developed a novel hybrid rehabilitation system combining a brain–computer interface (BCI), functional electrical stimulation (FES), and a robotic device. Methods: The BCI assessed the presence of a movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) and triggered the administration of FES to produce movement of the lower limb. The exercise trajectory was supported by the robotic device. To demonstrate the system, an experiment was conducted in an out-of-lab setting by ten able-bodied participants. During exercise, the performance of the BCI was assessed, and the participants evaluated the system using the NASA Task Load Index, Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, and by answering a few subjective questions. Results: The BCI reached a true positive rate of 62.6 ± 9.2% and, on average, predicted the movement initiation 595 ± 129 ms prior to the MRCP peak negativity. All questionnaires showed favorable outcomes for the use of the system. Conclusions: The developed system was usable by all participants, but its clinical feasibility is uncertain due to the total time required for setting up the system. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c362dfd2c9f140f2aa12c7aa8bdd6f36 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-c362dfd2c9f140f2aa12c7aa8bdd6f362025-08-20T03:36:33ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-07-012515457110.3390/s25154571Design and Demonstration of a Hybrid FES-BCI-Based Robotic Neurorehabilitation System for Lower LimbsKasper S. Leerskov0Erika G. Spaich1Mads R. Jochumsen2Lotte N. S. Andreasen Struijk3The Neurorehabilitation Robotics and Engineering Group, 9260 Gistrup, DenmarkDepartment of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9260 Gistrup, DenmarkThe Center for Rehabilitation Robotics, 9260 Gistrup, DenmarkThe Neurorehabilitation Robotics and Engineering Group, 9260 Gistrup, DenmarkBackground: There are only a few available options for early rehabilitation of severely impaired individuals who must remain bedbound, as most exercise paradigms focus on out-of-bed exercises. To enable these individuals to exercise, we developed a novel hybrid rehabilitation system combining a brain–computer interface (BCI), functional electrical stimulation (FES), and a robotic device. Methods: The BCI assessed the presence of a movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) and triggered the administration of FES to produce movement of the lower limb. The exercise trajectory was supported by the robotic device. To demonstrate the system, an experiment was conducted in an out-of-lab setting by ten able-bodied participants. During exercise, the performance of the BCI was assessed, and the participants evaluated the system using the NASA Task Load Index, Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, and by answering a few subjective questions. Results: The BCI reached a true positive rate of 62.6 ± 9.2% and, on average, predicted the movement initiation 595 ± 129 ms prior to the MRCP peak negativity. All questionnaires showed favorable outcomes for the use of the system. Conclusions: The developed system was usable by all participants, but its clinical feasibility is uncertain due to the total time required for setting up the system.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4571brain–computer interfacestrokefunctional electrical stimulationroboticsneurorehabilitationmovement-related cortical potential |
| spellingShingle | Kasper S. Leerskov Erika G. Spaich Mads R. Jochumsen Lotte N. S. Andreasen Struijk Design and Demonstration of a Hybrid FES-BCI-Based Robotic Neurorehabilitation System for Lower Limbs Sensors brain–computer interface stroke functional electrical stimulation robotics neurorehabilitation movement-related cortical potential |
| title | Design and Demonstration of a Hybrid FES-BCI-Based Robotic Neurorehabilitation System for Lower Limbs |
| title_full | Design and Demonstration of a Hybrid FES-BCI-Based Robotic Neurorehabilitation System for Lower Limbs |
| title_fullStr | Design and Demonstration of a Hybrid FES-BCI-Based Robotic Neurorehabilitation System for Lower Limbs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design and Demonstration of a Hybrid FES-BCI-Based Robotic Neurorehabilitation System for Lower Limbs |
| title_short | Design and Demonstration of a Hybrid FES-BCI-Based Robotic Neurorehabilitation System for Lower Limbs |
| title_sort | design and demonstration of a hybrid fes bci based robotic neurorehabilitation system for lower limbs |
| topic | brain–computer interface stroke functional electrical stimulation robotics neurorehabilitation movement-related cortical potential |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/15/4571 |
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