Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor

The China–Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) traverses the ecologically fragile and geologically hazardous Pamir plateau (PP), where glacier dynamics are critical for water resources and ecological stability. This study analyzes glacier changes in the PP segment of CPEC from 2000 to 2022 using Google...

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Main Authors: Yonglong Han, Yonghui Wang, Xiaofei Ma, Yanjun Shang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Land
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/4/880
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author Yonglong Han
Yonghui Wang
Xiaofei Ma
Yanjun Shang
author_facet Yonglong Han
Yonghui Wang
Xiaofei Ma
Yanjun Shang
author_sort Yonglong Han
collection DOAJ
description The China–Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) traverses the ecologically fragile and geologically hazardous Pamir plateau (PP), where glacier dynamics are critical for water resources and ecological stability. This study analyzes glacier changes in the PP segment of CPEC from 2000 to 2022 using Google Earth engine (GEE) and an improved glacier and snow cover extraction method. Results show that before CPEC’s initiation (2000–2014), glacier area fluctuated with an annual increase of 422 km<sup>2</sup>, peaking in 2010. After 2015, glacier area declined continuously at 1000 km<sup>2</sup> per year, reaching a minimum in 2022. Snow cover also declined, especially post-2015. Glacier retreat was most severe in low-altitude regions, particularly in the eastern and southern PP, while higher altitudes (5000–7000 m) exhibited slower retreat. Climatic analysis reveals a strengthening negative correlation between temperature, evapotranspiration, and glacier area, indicating accelerated retreat due to global warming. These findings provide scientific support for ecological protection, water resource management, and geological hazard mitigation along CPEC.
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spelling doaj-art-c359bab2cfc0416b98bd1a06af3e22d12025-08-20T02:17:59ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-04-0114488010.3390/land14040880Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic CorridorYonglong Han0Yonghui Wang1Xiaofei Ma2Yanjun Shang3College of Geographic Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, ChinaCollege of Geographic Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, ChinaXinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Utilization in Arid Zone, Urumqi 830011, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaThe China–Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) traverses the ecologically fragile and geologically hazardous Pamir plateau (PP), where glacier dynamics are critical for water resources and ecological stability. This study analyzes glacier changes in the PP segment of CPEC from 2000 to 2022 using Google Earth engine (GEE) and an improved glacier and snow cover extraction method. Results show that before CPEC’s initiation (2000–2014), glacier area fluctuated with an annual increase of 422 km<sup>2</sup>, peaking in 2010. After 2015, glacier area declined continuously at 1000 km<sup>2</sup> per year, reaching a minimum in 2022. Snow cover also declined, especially post-2015. Glacier retreat was most severe in low-altitude regions, particularly in the eastern and southern PP, while higher altitudes (5000–7000 m) exhibited slower retreat. Climatic analysis reveals a strengthening negative correlation between temperature, evapotranspiration, and glacier area, indicating accelerated retreat due to global warming. These findings provide scientific support for ecological protection, water resource management, and geological hazard mitigation along CPEC.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/4/880China–Pakistan economic corridorPamir plateauglacier and snow cover dynamicsclimate changegeological hazards
spellingShingle Yonglong Han
Yonghui Wang
Xiaofei Ma
Yanjun Shang
Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
Land
China–Pakistan economic corridor
Pamir plateau
glacier and snow cover dynamics
climate change
geological hazards
title Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
title_full Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
title_fullStr Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
title_full_unstemmed Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
title_short Glacier and Snow Cover Dynamics and Their Affecting Factors on the Pamir Plateau Section of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor
title_sort glacier and snow cover dynamics and their affecting factors on the pamir plateau section of the china pakistan economic corridor
topic China–Pakistan economic corridor
Pamir plateau
glacier and snow cover dynamics
climate change
geological hazards
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/4/880
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AT yonghuiwang glacierandsnowcoverdynamicsandtheiraffectingfactorsonthepamirplateausectionofthechinapakistaneconomiccorridor
AT xiaofeima glacierandsnowcoverdynamicsandtheiraffectingfactorsonthepamirplateausectionofthechinapakistaneconomiccorridor
AT yanjunshang glacierandsnowcoverdynamicsandtheiraffectingfactorsonthepamirplateausectionofthechinapakistaneconomiccorridor