Optimized PCF architectures for THz detection of aquatic pathogens: Enhancing water quality monitoring.

Waterborne bacteria pose a serious hazard to human health, hence a precise detection method is required to identify them. A photonic crystal fiber sensor that takes into account the dangers of aquatic bacteria has been suggested, and its optical characteristics in the THz range have been quantitativ...

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Main Authors: Diponkar Kundu, Nasir Uddin Badhon, A H M Iftekharul Ferdous, Md Safiul Islam, Md Galib Hasan, Khalid Sifulla Noor, Most Momtahina Bani
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025-01-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317533
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author Diponkar Kundu
Nasir Uddin Badhon
A H M Iftekharul Ferdous
Md Safiul Islam
Md Galib Hasan
Khalid Sifulla Noor
Most Momtahina Bani
author_facet Diponkar Kundu
Nasir Uddin Badhon
A H M Iftekharul Ferdous
Md Safiul Islam
Md Galib Hasan
Khalid Sifulla Noor
Most Momtahina Bani
author_sort Diponkar Kundu
collection DOAJ
description Waterborne bacteria pose a serious hazard to human health, hence a precise detection method is required to identify them. A photonic crystal fiber sensor that takes into account the dangers of aquatic bacteria has been suggested, and its optical characteristics in the THz range have been quantitatively assessed. The PCF sensor was designed and examined as computed in Comsol Multiphysics, a program in which uses the method of "Finite Element Method" (FEM). At 3.2 THz operating frequency, the proposed sensor performs better than the others in all tested cases, with a high sensitivity of 96.78% for Vibrio cholera, 97.54% for E. coli, and 97.40% for Bacillus anthracis. It also has a very low CL of 2.095 × 10-13 dB/cm for Vibrio cholera, 4.411 × 10-11 dB/cm for E. coli, and 1.355 × 10-11 dB/cm for Bacillus anthracis. The existing architecture has the potential to produce the sensor efficiently and scalable, opening the door for commercial applications. The innovation is in the optimization of structural parameters to increase the fiber's sensitivity to bacterial presence, thereby improving the interaction between terahertz waves and bacterial cells. It targets bacterial macromolecule absorption peaks to increase sensitivity. Localized field augmentation, which concentrates THz vibrations where bacteria interact more, may arise from optimization. By improving scattering, structural alterations can help identify bacteria by their characteristic scattering patterns. These improvements improve the sensor's trace bacteria detection. These factors increase the sensor's aquatic germ detection when combined. In aqueous environments, this results in a more precise and efficient detection, which could facilitate the real-time monitoring of bacterial contamination. Public health and water quality control may be significantly affected by these developments.
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spelling doaj-art-c30a3ceae47846cc967f126d97017ce92025-02-05T05:32:04ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01201e031753310.1371/journal.pone.0317533Optimized PCF architectures for THz detection of aquatic pathogens: Enhancing water quality monitoring.Diponkar KunduNasir Uddin BadhonA H M Iftekharul FerdousMd Safiul IslamMd Galib HasanKhalid Sifulla NoorMost Momtahina BaniWaterborne bacteria pose a serious hazard to human health, hence a precise detection method is required to identify them. A photonic crystal fiber sensor that takes into account the dangers of aquatic bacteria has been suggested, and its optical characteristics in the THz range have been quantitatively assessed. The PCF sensor was designed and examined as computed in Comsol Multiphysics, a program in which uses the method of "Finite Element Method" (FEM). At 3.2 THz operating frequency, the proposed sensor performs better than the others in all tested cases, with a high sensitivity of 96.78% for Vibrio cholera, 97.54% for E. coli, and 97.40% for Bacillus anthracis. It also has a very low CL of 2.095 × 10-13 dB/cm for Vibrio cholera, 4.411 × 10-11 dB/cm for E. coli, and 1.355 × 10-11 dB/cm for Bacillus anthracis. The existing architecture has the potential to produce the sensor efficiently and scalable, opening the door for commercial applications. The innovation is in the optimization of structural parameters to increase the fiber's sensitivity to bacterial presence, thereby improving the interaction between terahertz waves and bacterial cells. It targets bacterial macromolecule absorption peaks to increase sensitivity. Localized field augmentation, which concentrates THz vibrations where bacteria interact more, may arise from optimization. By improving scattering, structural alterations can help identify bacteria by their characteristic scattering patterns. These improvements improve the sensor's trace bacteria detection. These factors increase the sensor's aquatic germ detection when combined. In aqueous environments, this results in a more precise and efficient detection, which could facilitate the real-time monitoring of bacterial contamination. Public health and water quality control may be significantly affected by these developments.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317533
spellingShingle Diponkar Kundu
Nasir Uddin Badhon
A H M Iftekharul Ferdous
Md Safiul Islam
Md Galib Hasan
Khalid Sifulla Noor
Most Momtahina Bani
Optimized PCF architectures for THz detection of aquatic pathogens: Enhancing water quality monitoring.
PLoS ONE
title Optimized PCF architectures for THz detection of aquatic pathogens: Enhancing water quality monitoring.
title_full Optimized PCF architectures for THz detection of aquatic pathogens: Enhancing water quality monitoring.
title_fullStr Optimized PCF architectures for THz detection of aquatic pathogens: Enhancing water quality monitoring.
title_full_unstemmed Optimized PCF architectures for THz detection of aquatic pathogens: Enhancing water quality monitoring.
title_short Optimized PCF architectures for THz detection of aquatic pathogens: Enhancing water quality monitoring.
title_sort optimized pcf architectures for thz detection of aquatic pathogens enhancing water quality monitoring
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317533
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