Evolution of dislocations during the rapid solidification in additive manufacturing

Abstract Materials processed by fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) typically exhibit relatively high dislocation densities, along with cellular structures and elemental segregation. This representative structural feature significantly influences material performance; however, post-mortem micro...

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Main Authors: Lin Gao, Yan Chen, Xuan Zhang, Sean R. Agnew, Andrew C. Chuang, Tao Sun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59988-5
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author Lin Gao
Yan Chen
Xuan Zhang
Sean R. Agnew
Andrew C. Chuang
Tao Sun
author_facet Lin Gao
Yan Chen
Xuan Zhang
Sean R. Agnew
Andrew C. Chuang
Tao Sun
author_sort Lin Gao
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Materials processed by fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) typically exhibit relatively high dislocation densities, along with cellular structures and elemental segregation. This representative structural feature significantly influences material performance; however, post-mortem microstructure characterizations of AM materials cannot capture the dynamic evolution of dislocations during the manufacturing process, thereby offering limited mechanism-based guidance for further advancing AM techniques and facilitating the qualification and certification of AM products. In this study, we conduct operando high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments on wire-laser directed energy deposition of 316 L stainless steel. Through a unique configuration, our operando synchrotron experiments semi-quantitatively probe the dislocation density in solid phases and their dynamic changes during solidification and subsequent cooling. By integrating this advanced synchrotron technique with multi-physics simulation, in-situ neutron diffraction, and multi-scale electron microscopy characterization, our mechanistic study aims to elucidate the effects of rapid cooling and subsequent thermal cycling on the dislocation generation and evolution.
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spelling doaj-art-c2e0a76053b944e5b58b1b5ce3d6dfe32025-08-20T02:29:51ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-05-0116111310.1038/s41467-025-59988-5Evolution of dislocations during the rapid solidification in additive manufacturingLin Gao0Yan Chen1Xuan Zhang2Sean R. Agnew3Andrew C. Chuang4Tao Sun5Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of VirginiaNeutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryNuclear Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National LaboratoryDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of VirginiaX-ray Science Division, Argonne National LaboratoryDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of VirginiaAbstract Materials processed by fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) typically exhibit relatively high dislocation densities, along with cellular structures and elemental segregation. This representative structural feature significantly influences material performance; however, post-mortem microstructure characterizations of AM materials cannot capture the dynamic evolution of dislocations during the manufacturing process, thereby offering limited mechanism-based guidance for further advancing AM techniques and facilitating the qualification and certification of AM products. In this study, we conduct operando high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments on wire-laser directed energy deposition of 316 L stainless steel. Through a unique configuration, our operando synchrotron experiments semi-quantitatively probe the dislocation density in solid phases and their dynamic changes during solidification and subsequent cooling. By integrating this advanced synchrotron technique with multi-physics simulation, in-situ neutron diffraction, and multi-scale electron microscopy characterization, our mechanistic study aims to elucidate the effects of rapid cooling and subsequent thermal cycling on the dislocation generation and evolution.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59988-5
spellingShingle Lin Gao
Yan Chen
Xuan Zhang
Sean R. Agnew
Andrew C. Chuang
Tao Sun
Evolution of dislocations during the rapid solidification in additive manufacturing
Nature Communications
title Evolution of dislocations during the rapid solidification in additive manufacturing
title_full Evolution of dislocations during the rapid solidification in additive manufacturing
title_fullStr Evolution of dislocations during the rapid solidification in additive manufacturing
title_full_unstemmed Evolution of dislocations during the rapid solidification in additive manufacturing
title_short Evolution of dislocations during the rapid solidification in additive manufacturing
title_sort evolution of dislocations during the rapid solidification in additive manufacturing
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59988-5
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