Critical values for six Dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100, and applications in science and engineering

In this paper we report the simulation procedure along with new, precise, and accurate critical values or percentage points (with 4 decimal places; standard error of the mean ≤0.0001) for six Dixon discordance tests with significance levels α = 0.30, 0.20, 0.10, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005 and for norm...

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Main Authors: Surendra P. Verma, Alfredo Quiroz-Ruiz
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 2018-04-01
Series:Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas
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Online Access:https://rmcg.unam.mx/index.php/rmcg/article/view/809
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author Surendra P. Verma
Alfredo Quiroz-Ruiz
author_facet Surendra P. Verma
Alfredo Quiroz-Ruiz
author_sort Surendra P. Verma
collection DOAJ
description In this paper we report the simulation procedure along with new, precise, and accurate critical values or percentage points (with 4 decimal places; standard error of the mean ≤0.0001) for six Dixon discordance tests with significance levels α = 0.30, 0.20, 0.10, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005 and for normal samples of sizes n up to 100. Prior to our work, critical values (with 3 decimal places) were available only for n up to 30, which limited the application of Dixon tests in many scientific and engineering fields. With these new tables of more precise and accurate critical values, the applicability of these discordance tests (N7 and N9-N13) is now extended to 100 observations of a particular variable in a statistical sample. We give examples of applications in many diverse fields of science and engineering including geosciences, which illustrate the advantage of the availability of these new critical values for a wider application of these six discordance tests. Statistically more reliable applications in science and engineering to a greater number of cases can now be achieved with our new tables than was possible earlier. Thus, we envision that these new critical values will result in wider applications of the Dixon tests in a variety of scientific and engineering fields such as agriculture, astronomy, biology, biomedicine, biotechnology, chemistry, environmental and pollution research, food science and technology, geochemistry, geochronology, isotope geology, meteorology, nuclear science, paleontology, petroleum research, quality assurance and assessment programs, soil science, structural geology, water research, and zoology.
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spelling doaj-art-c2cb134ce4af4261bd5d3cbefa5374de2025-08-20T02:32:44ZengUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoRevista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas1026-87742007-29022018-04-01232Critical values for six Dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100, and applications in science and engineeringSurendra P. Verma0Alfredo Quiroz-Ruiz1Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv. Xochicalco s/no., Col Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco 62580, Mexico. Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico.Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv. Xochicalco s/no., Col Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco 62580, Mexico. In this paper we report the simulation procedure along with new, precise, and accurate critical values or percentage points (with 4 decimal places; standard error of the mean ≤0.0001) for six Dixon discordance tests with significance levels α = 0.30, 0.20, 0.10, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005 and for normal samples of sizes n up to 100. Prior to our work, critical values (with 3 decimal places) were available only for n up to 30, which limited the application of Dixon tests in many scientific and engineering fields. With these new tables of more precise and accurate critical values, the applicability of these discordance tests (N7 and N9-N13) is now extended to 100 observations of a particular variable in a statistical sample. We give examples of applications in many diverse fields of science and engineering including geosciences, which illustrate the advantage of the availability of these new critical values for a wider application of these six discordance tests. Statistically more reliable applications in science and engineering to a greater number of cases can now be achieved with our new tables than was possible earlier. Thus, we envision that these new critical values will result in wider applications of the Dixon tests in a variety of scientific and engineering fields such as agriculture, astronomy, biology, biomedicine, biotechnology, chemistry, environmental and pollution research, food science and technology, geochemistry, geochronology, isotope geology, meteorology, nuclear science, paleontology, petroleum research, quality assurance and assessment programs, soil science, structural geology, water research, and zoology. https://rmcg.unam.mx/index.php/rmcg/article/view/809Outlier methods, normal sample, Monte Carlo simulations, reference materials, earth sciences.
spellingShingle Surendra P. Verma
Alfredo Quiroz-Ruiz
Critical values for six Dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100, and applications in science and engineering
Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas
Outlier methods, normal sample, Monte Carlo simulations, reference materials, earth sciences.
title Critical values for six Dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100, and applications in science and engineering
title_full Critical values for six Dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100, and applications in science and engineering
title_fullStr Critical values for six Dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100, and applications in science and engineering
title_full_unstemmed Critical values for six Dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100, and applications in science and engineering
title_short Critical values for six Dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100, and applications in science and engineering
title_sort critical values for six dixon tests for outliers in normal samples up to sizes 100 and applications in science and engineering
topic Outlier methods, normal sample, Monte Carlo simulations, reference materials, earth sciences.
url https://rmcg.unam.mx/index.php/rmcg/article/view/809
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