Host-Directed Therapies Based on Protease Inhibitors to Control <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and HIV Coinfection
Despite continuous and extensive global efforts in the fight against tuberculosis (TB), this infectious disease continues to exert a tremendous burden on public health concerns and deaths worldwide. TB, caused by the bacterial species <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, is highly frequent...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/5/1040 |
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| author | Manoj Mandal David Pires José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira Elsa Anes |
| author_facet | Manoj Mandal David Pires José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira Elsa Anes |
| author_sort | Manoj Mandal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite continuous and extensive global efforts in the fight against tuberculosis (TB), this infectious disease continues to exert a tremendous burden on public health concerns and deaths worldwide. TB, caused by the bacterial species <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, is highly frequent in people living with HIV. The continuing epidemics of both chronic infections and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, as well as the lack of effective diagnostic tools and drug–drug interactions, pose major challenges in the fight against these pathogens. Developing a wide range of host-directed therapies may improve treatment outcomes, helping alleviate the morbidity and mortality associated with both infections. In this review, we discuss the identification and development of new host-directed strategies based on protease inhibitors and their clinical relevance as adjunctive treatment. In the context of therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms, selective protease inhibitors, including saquinavir (SQV) and cystatins (CstC and CstF), are valuable targets that may provide effective therapeutic solutions for controlling Mtb and HIV coinfection. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c2a7c5ed624f4f159d09582fb9586a41 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-c2a7c5ed624f4f159d09582fb9586a412025-08-20T02:33:51ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-04-01135104010.3390/microorganisms13051040Host-Directed Therapies Based on Protease Inhibitors to Control <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and HIV CoinfectionManoj Mandal0David Pires1José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira2Elsa Anes3Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, PortugalHost-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, PortugalHost-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, PortugalHost-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, PortugalDespite continuous and extensive global efforts in the fight against tuberculosis (TB), this infectious disease continues to exert a tremendous burden on public health concerns and deaths worldwide. TB, caused by the bacterial species <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, is highly frequent in people living with HIV. The continuing epidemics of both chronic infections and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, as well as the lack of effective diagnostic tools and drug–drug interactions, pose major challenges in the fight against these pathogens. Developing a wide range of host-directed therapies may improve treatment outcomes, helping alleviate the morbidity and mortality associated with both infections. In this review, we discuss the identification and development of new host-directed strategies based on protease inhibitors and their clinical relevance as adjunctive treatment. In the context of therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms, selective protease inhibitors, including saquinavir (SQV) and cystatins (CstC and CstF), are valuable targets that may provide effective therapeutic solutions for controlling Mtb and HIV coinfection.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/5/1040protease inhibitorssaquinavircystatinstuberculosisHIV coinfectionhost-directed therapies |
| spellingShingle | Manoj Mandal David Pires José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira Elsa Anes Host-Directed Therapies Based on Protease Inhibitors to Control <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and HIV Coinfection Microorganisms protease inhibitors saquinavir cystatins tuberculosis HIV coinfection host-directed therapies |
| title | Host-Directed Therapies Based on Protease Inhibitors to Control <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and HIV Coinfection |
| title_full | Host-Directed Therapies Based on Protease Inhibitors to Control <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and HIV Coinfection |
| title_fullStr | Host-Directed Therapies Based on Protease Inhibitors to Control <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and HIV Coinfection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Host-Directed Therapies Based on Protease Inhibitors to Control <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and HIV Coinfection |
| title_short | Host-Directed Therapies Based on Protease Inhibitors to Control <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and HIV Coinfection |
| title_sort | host directed therapies based on protease inhibitors to control i mycobacterium tuberculosis i and hiv coinfection |
| topic | protease inhibitors saquinavir cystatins tuberculosis HIV coinfection host-directed therapies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/5/1040 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT manojmandal hostdirectedtherapiesbasedonproteaseinhibitorstocontrolimycobacteriumtuberculosisiandhivcoinfection AT davidpires hostdirectedtherapiesbasedonproteaseinhibitorstocontrolimycobacteriumtuberculosisiandhivcoinfection AT josemiguelazevedopereira hostdirectedtherapiesbasedonproteaseinhibitorstocontrolimycobacteriumtuberculosisiandhivcoinfection AT elsaanes hostdirectedtherapiesbasedonproteaseinhibitorstocontrolimycobacteriumtuberculosisiandhivcoinfection |