Design and results from a national soil carbon stock benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in New Zealand
Despite the importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and stock changes, few countries are monitoring changes through time with direct soil measurements. National-scale changes of SOC stocks in New Zealand’s mineral soils, reported to meet international requirements, are currently predicted bas...
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Elsevier
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Geoderma |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125001922 |
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| author | Paul L. Mudge Georgie L. Glover-Clark Stephen J.E. McNeill Zach Dewhurst Veronica Penny Jonno Rau Emily McKay Carolyn B. Hedley Andre Eger Scott Fraser Ngaire Foster Pierre Roudier Sam R. McNally Maya Korth Nina Koele Shana Dooley Lena E. Reifschneider Lauren O’Brien Anthony Ward Thomas Caspari Maddison Bingham James Arbuckle Hamish Maule Kaleb McCollum Gerard Grealish Balin Robertson Maya Greet Amy Milnes Louis A. Schipper |
| author_facet | Paul L. Mudge Georgie L. Glover-Clark Stephen J.E. McNeill Zach Dewhurst Veronica Penny Jonno Rau Emily McKay Carolyn B. Hedley Andre Eger Scott Fraser Ngaire Foster Pierre Roudier Sam R. McNally Maya Korth Nina Koele Shana Dooley Lena E. Reifschneider Lauren O’Brien Anthony Ward Thomas Caspari Maddison Bingham James Arbuckle Hamish Maule Kaleb McCollum Gerard Grealish Balin Robertson Maya Greet Amy Milnes Louis A. Schipper |
| author_sort | Paul L. Mudge |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite the importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and stock changes, few countries are monitoring changes through time with direct soil measurements. National-scale changes of SOC stocks in New Zealand’s mineral soils, reported to meet international requirements, are currently predicted based on transitions of land use using a statistical model calibrated with historic data. However, historical data were often originally collected for purposes other than SOC monitoring and are not fully spatially representative and the current model is also based on the assumption that SOC stocks do not change through time, if land use does not change. Here, we outline the design and report benchmark results from New Zealand’s National Soil Carbon benchmarking and Monitoring programme (NSCM), where 504 sites were established to determine a robust baseline of SOC stocks for agricultural land in New Zealand, with spatially representative sampling across five broad land use classes. Mean slope-corrected SOC stocks for the 0–30 cm layer for all agricultural land on mineral soils in New Zealand were 101.3 Mg.ha−1, and 138.2 Mg.ha−1 for the 0–60 cm layer. SOC stocks in the 0–30 cm layer were highest under dairy pasture (110.7 Mg.ha−1) followed by hill country drystock pasture (104.3 Mg.ha−1), flat-rolling drystock pasture (98.7 Mg.ha−1), perennial horticulture (84.8 Mg.ha−1) and lowest under cropland (80.1 Mg.ha−1). Differences between land uses could not be attributed to land use alone, as the location of different land uses is often related to soil type and climate. Results provide spatially representative data that will feed into national soil carbon inventory reporting and is a crucial baseline against which to compare future sampling to determine if SOC stocks are changing in New Zealand’s agricultural land. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c2a06775ba324c5b8da064e439493147 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1872-6259 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Geoderma |
| spelling | doaj-art-c2a06775ba324c5b8da064e4394931472025-08-20T02:37:02ZengElsevierGeoderma1872-62592025-07-0145911735410.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117354Design and results from a national soil carbon stock benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in New ZealandPaul L. Mudge0Georgie L. Glover-Clark1Stephen J.E. McNeill2Zach Dewhurst3Veronica Penny4Jonno Rau5Emily McKay6Carolyn B. Hedley7Andre Eger8Scott Fraser9Ngaire Foster10Pierre Roudier11Sam R. McNally12Maya Korth13Nina Koele14Shana Dooley15Lena E. Reifschneider16Lauren O’Brien17Anthony Ward18Thomas Caspari19Maddison Bingham20James Arbuckle21Hamish Maule22Kaleb McCollum23Gerard Grealish24Balin Robertson25Maya Greet26Amy Milnes27Louis A. Schipper28Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; Corresponding author.Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, DX Box YP80001, Dunedin 9016, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New ZealandUniversity of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New ZealandDespite the importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and stock changes, few countries are monitoring changes through time with direct soil measurements. National-scale changes of SOC stocks in New Zealand’s mineral soils, reported to meet international requirements, are currently predicted based on transitions of land use using a statistical model calibrated with historic data. However, historical data were often originally collected for purposes other than SOC monitoring and are not fully spatially representative and the current model is also based on the assumption that SOC stocks do not change through time, if land use does not change. Here, we outline the design and report benchmark results from New Zealand’s National Soil Carbon benchmarking and Monitoring programme (NSCM), where 504 sites were established to determine a robust baseline of SOC stocks for agricultural land in New Zealand, with spatially representative sampling across five broad land use classes. Mean slope-corrected SOC stocks for the 0–30 cm layer for all agricultural land on mineral soils in New Zealand were 101.3 Mg.ha−1, and 138.2 Mg.ha−1 for the 0–60 cm layer. SOC stocks in the 0–30 cm layer were highest under dairy pasture (110.7 Mg.ha−1) followed by hill country drystock pasture (104.3 Mg.ha−1), flat-rolling drystock pasture (98.7 Mg.ha−1), perennial horticulture (84.8 Mg.ha−1) and lowest under cropland (80.1 Mg.ha−1). Differences between land uses could not be attributed to land use alone, as the location of different land uses is often related to soil type and climate. Results provide spatially representative data that will feed into national soil carbon inventory reporting and is a crucial baseline against which to compare future sampling to determine if SOC stocks are changing in New Zealand’s agricultural land.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125001922 |
| spellingShingle | Paul L. Mudge Georgie L. Glover-Clark Stephen J.E. McNeill Zach Dewhurst Veronica Penny Jonno Rau Emily McKay Carolyn B. Hedley Andre Eger Scott Fraser Ngaire Foster Pierre Roudier Sam R. McNally Maya Korth Nina Koele Shana Dooley Lena E. Reifschneider Lauren O’Brien Anthony Ward Thomas Caspari Maddison Bingham James Arbuckle Hamish Maule Kaleb McCollum Gerard Grealish Balin Robertson Maya Greet Amy Milnes Louis A. Schipper Design and results from a national soil carbon stock benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in New Zealand Geoderma |
| title | Design and results from a national soil carbon stock benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in New Zealand |
| title_full | Design and results from a national soil carbon stock benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in New Zealand |
| title_fullStr | Design and results from a national soil carbon stock benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in New Zealand |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design and results from a national soil carbon stock benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in New Zealand |
| title_short | Design and results from a national soil carbon stock benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in New Zealand |
| title_sort | design and results from a national soil carbon stock benchmarking and monitoring system for agricultural land in new zealand |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125001922 |
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