Linear and Nonlinear Modelling of the Usable Area of Buildings with Multi-Pitched Roofs

One of the key elements in real estate appraisal of residential buildings is the usable area. To determine the monetary value of real estate, appraisers in Poland often rely on transaction data registered in the Real Estate Price Register (REPR). However, the REPR may contain meaningful gaps, partic...

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Main Authors: Leszek Dawid, Anna Barańska, Paweł Baran, Urszula Ala-Karvia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11850
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author Leszek Dawid
Anna Barańska
Paweł Baran
Urszula Ala-Karvia
author_facet Leszek Dawid
Anna Barańska
Paweł Baran
Urszula Ala-Karvia
author_sort Leszek Dawid
collection DOAJ
description One of the key elements in real estate appraisal of residential buildings is the usable area. To determine the monetary value of real estate, appraisers in Poland often rely on transaction data registered in the Real Estate Price Register (REPR). However, the REPR may contain meaningful gaps, particularly on information concerning usable areas. This may lead to difficulties in finding suitable comparative properties, resulting in mispricing of the property. To address this problem, we used linear and nonlinear models to estimate the usable area of buildings with multi-pitched roofs. Utilizing widely available data from the Topographic Objects Database (BDOT10k) based on LiDAR technology, we have shown that three parameters (building’s covered area, building’s height, and optionally the number of storeys) are sufficient for a reliable estimate of the usable area of a building. The best linear model, using design data from architectural offices, achieved a fit of 95%, while the best model based on real data of existing buildings in the city of Koszalin, Poland achieved 92% fit. The best nonlinear model achieved slightly better results than the linear model in the case of design data (better fit by approximately 0.2%). In the case of existing buildings in Koszalin, the best fit was at 93%. The proposed method may help property appraisers determine a more accurate estimation of the usable area of comparative buildings in the absence of this information in the REPR.
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spelling doaj-art-c2a0246d600a4dfbaf2758f2e261e49f2025-08-20T02:55:35ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-12-0114241185010.3390/app142411850Linear and Nonlinear Modelling of the Usable Area of Buildings with Multi-Pitched RoofsLeszek Dawid0Anna Barańska1Paweł Baran2Urszula Ala-Karvia3Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Geodetic Sciences, Technical University of Koszalin, 75-453 Koszalin, PolandFaculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, PolandInstitute of Economics and Finance, University of Szczecin, 71-101 Szczecin, PolandFaculty of Agriculture and Forestry Ruralia Institute, University of Helsinki, 60320 Seinäjoki, FinlandOne of the key elements in real estate appraisal of residential buildings is the usable area. To determine the monetary value of real estate, appraisers in Poland often rely on transaction data registered in the Real Estate Price Register (REPR). However, the REPR may contain meaningful gaps, particularly on information concerning usable areas. This may lead to difficulties in finding suitable comparative properties, resulting in mispricing of the property. To address this problem, we used linear and nonlinear models to estimate the usable area of buildings with multi-pitched roofs. Utilizing widely available data from the Topographic Objects Database (BDOT10k) based on LiDAR technology, we have shown that three parameters (building’s covered area, building’s height, and optionally the number of storeys) are sufficient for a reliable estimate of the usable area of a building. The best linear model, using design data from architectural offices, achieved a fit of 95%, while the best model based on real data of existing buildings in the city of Koszalin, Poland achieved 92% fit. The best nonlinear model achieved slightly better results than the linear model in the case of design data (better fit by approximately 0.2%). In the case of existing buildings in Koszalin, the best fit was at 93%. The proposed method may help property appraisers determine a more accurate estimation of the usable area of comparative buildings in the absence of this information in the REPR.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11850real estate appraisalurban remote sensingGIScienceLiDARlinear and nonlinear regressionmathematical modelling
spellingShingle Leszek Dawid
Anna Barańska
Paweł Baran
Urszula Ala-Karvia
Linear and Nonlinear Modelling of the Usable Area of Buildings with Multi-Pitched Roofs
Applied Sciences
real estate appraisal
urban remote sensing
GIScience
LiDAR
linear and nonlinear regression
mathematical modelling
title Linear and Nonlinear Modelling of the Usable Area of Buildings with Multi-Pitched Roofs
title_full Linear and Nonlinear Modelling of the Usable Area of Buildings with Multi-Pitched Roofs
title_fullStr Linear and Nonlinear Modelling of the Usable Area of Buildings with Multi-Pitched Roofs
title_full_unstemmed Linear and Nonlinear Modelling of the Usable Area of Buildings with Multi-Pitched Roofs
title_short Linear and Nonlinear Modelling of the Usable Area of Buildings with Multi-Pitched Roofs
title_sort linear and nonlinear modelling of the usable area of buildings with multi pitched roofs
topic real estate appraisal
urban remote sensing
GIScience
LiDAR
linear and nonlinear regression
mathematical modelling
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/24/11850
work_keys_str_mv AT leszekdawid linearandnonlinearmodellingoftheusableareaofbuildingswithmultipitchedroofs
AT annabaranska linearandnonlinearmodellingoftheusableareaofbuildingswithmultipitchedroofs
AT pawełbaran linearandnonlinearmodellingoftheusableareaofbuildingswithmultipitchedroofs
AT urszulaalakarvia linearandnonlinearmodellingoftheusableareaofbuildingswithmultipitchedroofs