Immunomodulatory Effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup>: In Vitro Induction of TLR and Cytokine Expression in Human Dendritic Cells
<b>Background:</b> Bacterial lysates are known to modulate the immune response against respiratory infections. However, the effects of the commercial bacterial lysate Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> on dendritic cells—particularly human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs)—have no...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Juan A. Hernández-Aceves Sandra Georgina Solano-Gálvez Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodríguez José Delgado-Domínguez Alberto Garcia Lozano Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez Lidia Flor Estela Huerta Gladis Fragoso Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh Rosalino Vázquez-López |
| author_facet | Juan A. Hernández-Aceves Sandra Georgina Solano-Gálvez Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodríguez José Delgado-Domínguez Alberto Garcia Lozano Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez Lidia Flor Estela Huerta Gladis Fragoso Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh Rosalino Vázquez-López |
| author_sort | Juan A. Hernández-Aceves |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> Bacterial lysates are known to modulate the immune response against respiratory infections. However, the effects of the commercial bacterial lysate Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> on dendritic cells—particularly human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs)—have not been studied. Additionally, limited data are available on the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines following stimulation with bacterial lysates. <b>Methods:</b> Human monocytes were isolated from buffy coats and differentiated into moDCs. Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> was lyophilized, quantified, and used to stimulate moDCs. Ultrastructural changes were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. The expression of TLRs and selected cytokines was analyzed by flow cytometry. <b>Results:</b> Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> stimulation induced morphological changes in moDCs, including an increased number of dendrites and lysosomes. It also led to the upregulation of MHC class II molecules and TLRs 2, 3, 6, and 7. Additionally, the production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 was significantly increased. <b>Conclusions:</b> Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> promotes moDC maturation, characterized by enhanced antigen presentation capabilities and lysosomal activity, along with increased expression of specific TLRs and cytokines. These features suggest a trained immunity phenotype in moDCs, potentially improving their ability to initiate adaptive immune responses against respiratory pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> on human moDCs, providing novel insights into its potential as an immunotherapeutic adjuvant. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c280c220a0734929bcecd9e045e13ff9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-c280c220a0734929bcecd9e045e13ff92025-08-20T03:27:25ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-06-0118688510.3390/ph18060885Immunomodulatory Effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup>: In Vitro Induction of TLR and Cytokine Expression in Human Dendritic CellsJuan A. Hernández-Aceves0Sandra Georgina Solano-Gálvez1Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodríguez2José Delgado-Domínguez3Alberto Garcia Lozano4Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez5Lidia Flor Estela Huerta6Gladis Fragoso7Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh8Rosalino Vázquez-López9Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cto. Escolar, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, MexicoUnidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, MexicoUnidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, MexicoLaboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, MexicoLaboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cto. Escolar S/N, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, MexicoDepartamento de Investigación en Virología y Micología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Calzada de Tlalpan 4502 Belisario Domínguez Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, MexicoLaboratorio de Farmacología, Escuela Militar de Graduados en Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11200, MexicoDepartamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cto. Escolar, C.U., Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, MexicoUnidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, MexicoLaboratorio de Farmacología, Escuela Militar de Graduados en Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City 11200, Mexico<b>Background:</b> Bacterial lysates are known to modulate the immune response against respiratory infections. However, the effects of the commercial bacterial lysate Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> on dendritic cells—particularly human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs)—have not been studied. Additionally, limited data are available on the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines following stimulation with bacterial lysates. <b>Methods:</b> Human monocytes were isolated from buffy coats and differentiated into moDCs. Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> was lyophilized, quantified, and used to stimulate moDCs. Ultrastructural changes were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. The expression of TLRs and selected cytokines was analyzed by flow cytometry. <b>Results:</b> Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> stimulation induced morphological changes in moDCs, including an increased number of dendrites and lysosomes. It also led to the upregulation of MHC class II molecules and TLRs 2, 3, 6, and 7. Additionally, the production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 was significantly increased. <b>Conclusions:</b> Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> promotes moDC maturation, characterized by enhanced antigen presentation capabilities and lysosomal activity, along with increased expression of specific TLRs and cytokines. These features suggest a trained immunity phenotype in moDCs, potentially improving their ability to initiate adaptive immune responses against respiratory pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> on human moDCs, providing novel insights into its potential as an immunotherapeutic adjuvant.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/6/885Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup>innate responsedendritic activationtoll-like-receptorshuman dendritic cellmonocyte-derived dendritic cell |
| spellingShingle | Juan A. Hernández-Aceves Sandra Georgina Solano-Gálvez Arturo A. Wilkins-Rodríguez José Delgado-Domínguez Alberto Garcia Lozano Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez Lidia Flor Estela Huerta Gladis Fragoso Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh Rosalino Vázquez-López Immunomodulatory Effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup>: In Vitro Induction of TLR and Cytokine Expression in Human Dendritic Cells Pharmaceuticals Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> innate response dendritic activation toll-like-receptors human dendritic cell monocyte-derived dendritic cell |
| title | Immunomodulatory Effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup>: In Vitro Induction of TLR and Cytokine Expression in Human Dendritic Cells |
| title_full | Immunomodulatory Effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup>: In Vitro Induction of TLR and Cytokine Expression in Human Dendritic Cells |
| title_fullStr | Immunomodulatory Effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup>: In Vitro Induction of TLR and Cytokine Expression in Human Dendritic Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunomodulatory Effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup>: In Vitro Induction of TLR and Cytokine Expression in Human Dendritic Cells |
| title_short | Immunomodulatory Effects of Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup>: In Vitro Induction of TLR and Cytokine Expression in Human Dendritic Cells |
| title_sort | immunomodulatory effects of pulmonarom sup r sup in vitro induction of tlr and cytokine expression in human dendritic cells |
| topic | Pulmonarom<sup>®</sup> innate response dendritic activation toll-like-receptors human dendritic cell monocyte-derived dendritic cell |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/6/885 |
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