Resilience revisited: a systematic review and synthesis of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and its relation with resilience
Abstract Background The aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and resilience. Resilience has been identified as a critical area for further investigation in the context of NSSI. Resilience has been conceptualized in different ways over the yea...
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2025-05-01
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| Series: | BMC Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06868-3 |
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| author | Daphne Weedage Nienke Kool-Goudzwaard Dwayne Meijnckens Robert R. J. M. Vermeiren Cyril Boonmann |
| author_facet | Daphne Weedage Nienke Kool-Goudzwaard Dwayne Meijnckens Robert R. J. M. Vermeiren Cyril Boonmann |
| author_sort | Daphne Weedage |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and resilience. Resilience has been identified as a critical area for further investigation in the context of NSSI. Resilience has been conceptualized in different ways over the years, from psychological resilience, with a focus on the individual’s problem/deficiency, into a dynamic, cultural, interactive process in which people’s biological, psychological, social, and ecological systems work together to help them cope with challenges and maintain or improve their mental well-being. Method For this systematic review was searched within PubMed, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for currently published studies on the relationship between NSSI and resilience to provide a summary, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Meta-analysis and Meta-Analysis. Second, it determines the magnitude of this relationship by calculating a random effects size, using the meta-package of R. Results Included were 17 studies with a total sample size of 12,273 participants (Mage = 17.56, range: 12.93–27.50, SD = 3.95; female: 59.5%) and a NSSI sample size of 4,767 (38.8%). The pooled results indicate a small to moderate relationship between resilience and NSSI, with a random effects model effect size of 0.28 (95% CI: 0.10; 0.47), with higher levels or the presence of NSSI associated with lower levels of resilience. Most studies measured psychological resilience. Several reporting the moderator and mediator function of resilience, whereby higher resilience reduces the odds of developing NSSI in the case of stressful or traumatic events. A minority of studies reported effect sizes per resilience factor. Of which problem solving/coping and emotional reactivity were predominantly reported. Conclusions Resilience is related to NSSI. However, it also shows that resilience is mostly measured as a psychological and individual concept. This is contrary to the multimodal perspective of resilience as well as the multimodal and non-linear nature of the recovery process of NSSI. Therefor this review highlights the need for a holistic approach with a shift in focus to a multimodal perspective. More research is needed to understand the role of resilience within the nonlinear recovery process. This research should include the voices of people with lived experience. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c15c8d0623bc41d0af3ed7cd680c6fe3 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1471-244X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| series | BMC Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-c15c8d0623bc41d0af3ed7cd680c6fe32025-08-20T02:15:05ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2025-05-0125111910.1186/s12888-025-06868-3Resilience revisited: a systematic review and synthesis of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and its relation with resilienceDaphne Weedage0Nienke Kool-Goudzwaard1Dwayne Meijnckens2Robert R. J. M. Vermeiren3Cyril Boonmann4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (LUMC Curium), Leiden University Medical CenterIntensive Treatment Centre and Parnassia Academy, Parnassia GroepStichting Zelfbeschadiging (National Self-harm Foundation)Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (LUMC Curium), Leiden University Medical CenterDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (LUMC Curium), Leiden University Medical CenterAbstract Background The aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and resilience. Resilience has been identified as a critical area for further investigation in the context of NSSI. Resilience has been conceptualized in different ways over the years, from psychological resilience, with a focus on the individual’s problem/deficiency, into a dynamic, cultural, interactive process in which people’s biological, psychological, social, and ecological systems work together to help them cope with challenges and maintain or improve their mental well-being. Method For this systematic review was searched within PubMed, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for currently published studies on the relationship between NSSI and resilience to provide a summary, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Meta-analysis and Meta-Analysis. Second, it determines the magnitude of this relationship by calculating a random effects size, using the meta-package of R. Results Included were 17 studies with a total sample size of 12,273 participants (Mage = 17.56, range: 12.93–27.50, SD = 3.95; female: 59.5%) and a NSSI sample size of 4,767 (38.8%). The pooled results indicate a small to moderate relationship between resilience and NSSI, with a random effects model effect size of 0.28 (95% CI: 0.10; 0.47), with higher levels or the presence of NSSI associated with lower levels of resilience. Most studies measured psychological resilience. Several reporting the moderator and mediator function of resilience, whereby higher resilience reduces the odds of developing NSSI in the case of stressful or traumatic events. A minority of studies reported effect sizes per resilience factor. Of which problem solving/coping and emotional reactivity were predominantly reported. Conclusions Resilience is related to NSSI. However, it also shows that resilience is mostly measured as a psychological and individual concept. This is contrary to the multimodal perspective of resilience as well as the multimodal and non-linear nature of the recovery process of NSSI. Therefor this review highlights the need for a holistic approach with a shift in focus to a multimodal perspective. More research is needed to understand the role of resilience within the nonlinear recovery process. This research should include the voices of people with lived experience.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06868-3Nonsuicidal self-injuryResilience |
| spellingShingle | Daphne Weedage Nienke Kool-Goudzwaard Dwayne Meijnckens Robert R. J. M. Vermeiren Cyril Boonmann Resilience revisited: a systematic review and synthesis of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and its relation with resilience BMC Psychiatry Nonsuicidal self-injury Resilience |
| title | Resilience revisited: a systematic review and synthesis of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and its relation with resilience |
| title_full | Resilience revisited: a systematic review and synthesis of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and its relation with resilience |
| title_fullStr | Resilience revisited: a systematic review and synthesis of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and its relation with resilience |
| title_full_unstemmed | Resilience revisited: a systematic review and synthesis of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and its relation with resilience |
| title_short | Resilience revisited: a systematic review and synthesis of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) and its relation with resilience |
| title_sort | resilience revisited a systematic review and synthesis of non suicidal self injury nssi and its relation with resilience |
| topic | Nonsuicidal self-injury Resilience |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06868-3 |
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