Longitudinal patterns of mental well-being over four years in a german general population sample: a growth mixture modeling approach
Abstract Background Although mental well-being is facing growing challenges against the background of global crises such as climate change, pandemics, and social inequality, little is known about longitudinal patterns of mental well-being in the general population. Methods The study is based on self...
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2025-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23539-w |
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| author | Johanna Fischer Ulrich John Hans-Jürgen Rumpf Andreas Staudt Sophie Baumann |
| author_facet | Johanna Fischer Ulrich John Hans-Jürgen Rumpf Andreas Staudt Sophie Baumann |
| author_sort | Johanna Fischer |
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| description | Abstract Background Although mental well-being is facing growing challenges against the background of global crises such as climate change, pandemics, and social inequality, little is known about longitudinal patterns of mental well-being in the general population. Methods The study is based on self-report data from 1,605 adults aged 18 to 64 years who were proactively recruited at a municipal registration office (M = 31.0 years, SD = 10.8 years). Mental well-being was assessed at baseline, and 3, 6, 12, 36 and 48 months later using the five-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5). Covariates were smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, age, sex, school education and relationship status. Growth Mixture Modeling was used to identify latent trajectory classes of mental well-being. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test whether class membership is predicted by health behaviors and sociodemographic variables. Results Three latent trajectory classes were found. The first class (“stable high”, n = 1,251, 78%) showed the highest mental well-being throughout the study with only minor fluctuations over time. The second class (n = 192, 12%) showed a “steadily increasing” trajectory starting with the lowest MHI-5 sum score of the three classes at baseline that increased over time. The third class (“fluctuating”, n = 162, 10%) reported a slight increase in mental well-being during the first six months, followed by a steep decline to 36 months, which then increased to almost baseline-level at 48 months. The odds of being classified into the “steadily increasing” or “fluctuating” compared to the “stable high” class were higher for men and younger participants. The odds of belonging to the “steadily increasing” compared to the “stable high” class were higher for participants with more than 12 years of school education and those being in a relationship. Health behaviors did not predict latent trajectory class membership. Conclusion Three different temporal patterns of mental well-being were found in a German general population sample, with the majority showing a stable level of high mental well-being over four years. Further research is needed to understand fluctuating patterns and the causal factors influencing mental well-being. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c120f468df4c47ea83c88abe2f6d2c95 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-c120f468df4c47ea83c88abe2f6d2c952025-08-20T03:31:41ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582025-06-0125111110.1186/s12889-025-23539-wLongitudinal patterns of mental well-being over four years in a german general population sample: a growth mixture modeling approachJohanna Fischer0Ulrich John1Hans-Jürgen Rumpf2Andreas Staudt3Sophie Baumann4Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität DresdenDepartment of Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine GreifswaldDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group S:TEP, University of LübeckInstitute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität DresdenDepartment of Methods in Community Medicine, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine GreifswaldAbstract Background Although mental well-being is facing growing challenges against the background of global crises such as climate change, pandemics, and social inequality, little is known about longitudinal patterns of mental well-being in the general population. Methods The study is based on self-report data from 1,605 adults aged 18 to 64 years who were proactively recruited at a municipal registration office (M = 31.0 years, SD = 10.8 years). Mental well-being was assessed at baseline, and 3, 6, 12, 36 and 48 months later using the five-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5). Covariates were smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, age, sex, school education and relationship status. Growth Mixture Modeling was used to identify latent trajectory classes of mental well-being. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test whether class membership is predicted by health behaviors and sociodemographic variables. Results Three latent trajectory classes were found. The first class (“stable high”, n = 1,251, 78%) showed the highest mental well-being throughout the study with only minor fluctuations over time. The second class (n = 192, 12%) showed a “steadily increasing” trajectory starting with the lowest MHI-5 sum score of the three classes at baseline that increased over time. The third class (“fluctuating”, n = 162, 10%) reported a slight increase in mental well-being during the first six months, followed by a steep decline to 36 months, which then increased to almost baseline-level at 48 months. The odds of being classified into the “steadily increasing” or “fluctuating” compared to the “stable high” class were higher for men and younger participants. The odds of belonging to the “steadily increasing” compared to the “stable high” class were higher for participants with more than 12 years of school education and those being in a relationship. Health behaviors did not predict latent trajectory class membership. Conclusion Three different temporal patterns of mental well-being were found in a German general population sample, with the majority showing a stable level of high mental well-being over four years. Further research is needed to understand fluctuating patterns and the causal factors influencing mental well-being.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23539-wMental healthMixture modelingLongitudinal patterns of mental well-beingMHI-5Latent trajectory classLifestyle behaviors |
| spellingShingle | Johanna Fischer Ulrich John Hans-Jürgen Rumpf Andreas Staudt Sophie Baumann Longitudinal patterns of mental well-being over four years in a german general population sample: a growth mixture modeling approach BMC Public Health Mental health Mixture modeling Longitudinal patterns of mental well-being MHI-5 Latent trajectory class Lifestyle behaviors |
| title | Longitudinal patterns of mental well-being over four years in a german general population sample: a growth mixture modeling approach |
| title_full | Longitudinal patterns of mental well-being over four years in a german general population sample: a growth mixture modeling approach |
| title_fullStr | Longitudinal patterns of mental well-being over four years in a german general population sample: a growth mixture modeling approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Longitudinal patterns of mental well-being over four years in a german general population sample: a growth mixture modeling approach |
| title_short | Longitudinal patterns of mental well-being over four years in a german general population sample: a growth mixture modeling approach |
| title_sort | longitudinal patterns of mental well being over four years in a german general population sample a growth mixture modeling approach |
| topic | Mental health Mixture modeling Longitudinal patterns of mental well-being MHI-5 Latent trajectory class Lifestyle behaviors |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23539-w |
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