Use of Indocyanine Green (ICG) to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Territorial Distribution of Vein Grafts Implanted on Coronary Arteries in an Ex-vivo Porcine Model. A Potential Adjunct to Assist Revascularization Strategies and Training in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Background: The fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) has been used to identify anatomical structures intraoperatively in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using ICG to assess graft patency and territorial distribution of myo...
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IMR Press
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/26/1/10.31083/RCM25778 |
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| author | Cristiano Spadaccio Antonio Nenna Diletta Corrado Carter Glenn Antonio Panza Russell Vester Grzegorz Laskawski David Rose Louis Louis |
| author_facet | Cristiano Spadaccio Antonio Nenna Diletta Corrado Carter Glenn Antonio Panza Russell Vester Grzegorz Laskawski David Rose Louis Louis |
| author_sort | Cristiano Spadaccio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) has been used to identify anatomical structures intraoperatively in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using ICG to assess graft patency and territorial distribution of myocardial reperfusion during CABG. Methods: Porcine arrested hearts (n = 18) were used to evaluate territorial distribution of native coronary arteries and of a coronary bypass constructed with porcine saphenous vein graft (SVG) using ICG. Coronary ostia were dissected and selectively cannulated for ICG injection. Sequential fluorescence was assessed in the epicardial coronary arteries, myocardium and coronary veins using an infrared-sensitive charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system. In a separate set of experiments, SVG was used for anastomosis in end-to-side fashion to a terminal obtuse marginal (OM) branch. This approach was used to avoid bias in the assessment of territorial distribution. The anastomosis was injected with ICG; graft patency and territorial distribution was assessed using an infrared-sensitive CCD camera system from 30 cm above the field, as previously described. Native circulation and SVG grafts were assessed using real-time video recording and fluorescence intensity mapping that was averaged into a graded scoring system. The heart was divided into functional regions: anterior wall, lateral wall, inferior wall and right ventricle. All experiments were performed in triplicates. Results: After ICG injection into the individual coronary ostia, perfusion of the native coronary artery was visible. Portions of the vessels embedded into the epicardial fat could be easily visualized on the surface of the heart and the dissection facilitated via fluorescence guidance. The territorial distribution reflected the expected regional perfusion. The SVG graft was anastomosed to an OM branch. ICG visualization allowed for assessment of graft patency excluding potential technical anastomosis problems or graft twisting or dissection. The myocardial perfusion observed in real-time confirmed regional distribution to the entire lateral wall and minimally to the inferior wall. These findings were confirmed in all the specimens used in the study. Conclusions: Besides assisting the identification of intramyocardial vessels, ICG can provide information on the native coronary circulation status and the territorial distribution of the perfusion before and after grafting. It enables visualization of collaterals and the territory of distribution subtended by a graft offering real-time assessment and guidance on the grafting strategy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c0c3085353524c4c8a583396ec24eea9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1530-6550 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IMR Press |
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| series | Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-c0c3085353524c4c8a583396ec24eea92025-01-25T10:41:20ZengIMR PressReviews in Cardiovascular Medicine1530-65502025-01-012612577810.31083/RCM25778S1530-6550(24)01675-2Use of Indocyanine Green (ICG) to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Territorial Distribution of Vein Grafts Implanted on Coronary Arteries in an Ex-vivo Porcine Model. A Potential Adjunct to Assist Revascularization Strategies and Training in Coronary Artery Bypass GraftingCristiano Spadaccio0Antonio Nenna1Diletta Corrado2Carter Glenn3Antonio Panza4Russell Vester5Grzegorz Laskawski6David Rose7Louis Louis8Cardiac Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USACardiac Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, ItalyCardiac Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, ItalyCardiac Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USACardiac Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USACardiac Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USACardiac Surgery, Blackpool Teaching Hospital - Lancashire Cardiac Center, FY3 8NP Blackpool, UKCardiac Surgery, Blackpool Teaching Hospital - Lancashire Cardiac Center, FY3 8NP Blackpool, UKCardiac Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USABackground: The fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) has been used to identify anatomical structures intraoperatively in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using ICG to assess graft patency and territorial distribution of myocardial reperfusion during CABG. Methods: Porcine arrested hearts (n = 18) were used to evaluate territorial distribution of native coronary arteries and of a coronary bypass constructed with porcine saphenous vein graft (SVG) using ICG. Coronary ostia were dissected and selectively cannulated for ICG injection. Sequential fluorescence was assessed in the epicardial coronary arteries, myocardium and coronary veins using an infrared-sensitive charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system. In a separate set of experiments, SVG was used for anastomosis in end-to-side fashion to a terminal obtuse marginal (OM) branch. This approach was used to avoid bias in the assessment of territorial distribution. The anastomosis was injected with ICG; graft patency and territorial distribution was assessed using an infrared-sensitive CCD camera system from 30 cm above the field, as previously described. Native circulation and SVG grafts were assessed using real-time video recording and fluorescence intensity mapping that was averaged into a graded scoring system. The heart was divided into functional regions: anterior wall, lateral wall, inferior wall and right ventricle. All experiments were performed in triplicates. Results: After ICG injection into the individual coronary ostia, perfusion of the native coronary artery was visible. Portions of the vessels embedded into the epicardial fat could be easily visualized on the surface of the heart and the dissection facilitated via fluorescence guidance. The territorial distribution reflected the expected regional perfusion. The SVG graft was anastomosed to an OM branch. ICG visualization allowed for assessment of graft patency excluding potential technical anastomosis problems or graft twisting or dissection. The myocardial perfusion observed in real-time confirmed regional distribution to the entire lateral wall and minimally to the inferior wall. These findings were confirmed in all the specimens used in the study. Conclusions: Besides assisting the identification of intramyocardial vessels, ICG can provide information on the native coronary circulation status and the territorial distribution of the perfusion before and after grafting. It enables visualization of collaterals and the territory of distribution subtended by a graft offering real-time assessment and guidance on the grafting strategy.https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/26/1/10.31083/RCM25778indocyanine greenfluorescent imagingcoronary artery bypass graftingneoangiogenesisarteriogenesisgraft patencyincomplete revascularizationfractional flow reserve |
| spellingShingle | Cristiano Spadaccio Antonio Nenna Diletta Corrado Carter Glenn Antonio Panza Russell Vester Grzegorz Laskawski David Rose Louis Louis Use of Indocyanine Green (ICG) to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Territorial Distribution of Vein Grafts Implanted on Coronary Arteries in an Ex-vivo Porcine Model. A Potential Adjunct to Assist Revascularization Strategies and Training in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine indocyanine green fluorescent imaging coronary artery bypass grafting neoangiogenesis arteriogenesis graft patency incomplete revascularization fractional flow reserve |
| title | Use of Indocyanine Green (ICG) to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Territorial Distribution of Vein Grafts Implanted on Coronary Arteries in an Ex-vivo Porcine Model. A Potential Adjunct to Assist Revascularization Strategies and Training in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
| title_full | Use of Indocyanine Green (ICG) to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Territorial Distribution of Vein Grafts Implanted on Coronary Arteries in an Ex-vivo Porcine Model. A Potential Adjunct to Assist Revascularization Strategies and Training in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
| title_fullStr | Use of Indocyanine Green (ICG) to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Territorial Distribution of Vein Grafts Implanted on Coronary Arteries in an Ex-vivo Porcine Model. A Potential Adjunct to Assist Revascularization Strategies and Training in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Use of Indocyanine Green (ICG) to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Territorial Distribution of Vein Grafts Implanted on Coronary Arteries in an Ex-vivo Porcine Model. A Potential Adjunct to Assist Revascularization Strategies and Training in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
| title_short | Use of Indocyanine Green (ICG) to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Territorial Distribution of Vein Grafts Implanted on Coronary Arteries in an Ex-vivo Porcine Model. A Potential Adjunct to Assist Revascularization Strategies and Training in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
| title_sort | use of indocyanine green icg to assess myocardial perfusion and territorial distribution of vein grafts implanted on coronary arteries in an ex vivo porcine model a potential adjunct to assist revascularization strategies and training in coronary artery bypass grafting |
| topic | indocyanine green fluorescent imaging coronary artery bypass grafting neoangiogenesis arteriogenesis graft patency incomplete revascularization fractional flow reserve |
| url | https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/26/1/10.31083/RCM25778 |
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