A Systematic Review of Potential Opioid Prescribing Safety Indicators

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to identify a comprehensive list of potential opioid-related indicators from the published literature to assess prescribing safety in any setting. Methods: Studies that reported prescribing indicators from 1990 to 2019 were retrieved from a previou...

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Main Authors: Wael Y. Khawagi, Neetu Bansal, Nan Shang, Li-Chia Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Pharmacoepidemiology
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2813-0618/4/1/4
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author Wael Y. Khawagi
Neetu Bansal
Nan Shang
Li-Chia Chen
author_facet Wael Y. Khawagi
Neetu Bansal
Nan Shang
Li-Chia Chen
author_sort Wael Y. Khawagi
collection DOAJ
description Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to identify a comprehensive list of potential opioid-related indicators from the published literature to assess prescribing safety in any setting. Methods: Studies that reported prescribing indicators from 1990 to 2019 were retrieved from a previously published systematic review. A subsequent search was conducted from seven electronic databases to identify additional studies from 2019 to June 2024. Potential opioid safety prescribing indicators were extracted from studies that reported prescribing indicators of non-injectable opioids prescribed to adults with concerns about the potential risk of harm. The retrieved indicators were split by each opioid, and duplicates were removed. The identified indicators were categorized by the type of problem, medication, patient condition/disease, and the risk of the indicators. Results: A total of 99 unique opioid-specific prescribing indicators were identified from 53 included articles. Overall, 42 (42%) opioid prescribing indicators focused on a specific class of opioids. Pethidine, tramadol, and fentanyl were the most frequently reported drugs (<i>n</i> = 22, 22%). The indicators account for six types of problems: medication inappropriate for the population (<i>n</i> = 20), omission (<i>n</i> = 8), inappropriate duration (<i>n</i> = 10), inadequate monitoring (<i>n</i> = 2), drug–disease interaction (<i>n</i> = 26), and drug–drug interaction (<i>n</i> = 33). Of all the indicators, older age (over 65) is the most common risk factor (<i>n</i> = 38, 39%). Central nervous system-related adverse effects are the risk of concern for the 28 (29%) indicators associated with drug–drug interactions. Furthermore, five of the six ’omission’ indicators are related to ’without using laxatives’. Conclusions: This review identified a comprehensive set of indicators for flagging patients at high risk of opioid-related harm, thereby supporting informed decision-making in optimizing opioid utilization. However, further research is essential to validate these indicators and evaluate their feasibility across diverse healthcare settings.
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spelling doaj-art-c046cc183efd44bf9a795b5901bebec92025-08-20T02:42:24ZengMDPI AGPharmacoepidemiology2813-06182025-01-0141410.3390/pharma4010004A Systematic Review of Potential Opioid Prescribing Safety IndicatorsWael Y. Khawagi0Neetu Bansal1Nan Shang2Li-Chia Chen3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaCentre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UKCentre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UKCentre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UKBackground/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to identify a comprehensive list of potential opioid-related indicators from the published literature to assess prescribing safety in any setting. Methods: Studies that reported prescribing indicators from 1990 to 2019 were retrieved from a previously published systematic review. A subsequent search was conducted from seven electronic databases to identify additional studies from 2019 to June 2024. Potential opioid safety prescribing indicators were extracted from studies that reported prescribing indicators of non-injectable opioids prescribed to adults with concerns about the potential risk of harm. The retrieved indicators were split by each opioid, and duplicates were removed. The identified indicators were categorized by the type of problem, medication, patient condition/disease, and the risk of the indicators. Results: A total of 99 unique opioid-specific prescribing indicators were identified from 53 included articles. Overall, 42 (42%) opioid prescribing indicators focused on a specific class of opioids. Pethidine, tramadol, and fentanyl were the most frequently reported drugs (<i>n</i> = 22, 22%). The indicators account for six types of problems: medication inappropriate for the population (<i>n</i> = 20), omission (<i>n</i> = 8), inappropriate duration (<i>n</i> = 10), inadequate monitoring (<i>n</i> = 2), drug–disease interaction (<i>n</i> = 26), and drug–drug interaction (<i>n</i> = 33). Of all the indicators, older age (over 65) is the most common risk factor (<i>n</i> = 38, 39%). Central nervous system-related adverse effects are the risk of concern for the 28 (29%) indicators associated with drug–drug interactions. Furthermore, five of the six ’omission’ indicators are related to ’without using laxatives’. Conclusions: This review identified a comprehensive set of indicators for flagging patients at high risk of opioid-related harm, thereby supporting informed decision-making in optimizing opioid utilization. However, further research is essential to validate these indicators and evaluate their feasibility across diverse healthcare settings.https://www.mdpi.com/2813-0618/4/1/4opioid safetyprescribing quality indicatorinappropriate prescribingdrug–drug interaction
spellingShingle Wael Y. Khawagi
Neetu Bansal
Nan Shang
Li-Chia Chen
A Systematic Review of Potential Opioid Prescribing Safety Indicators
Pharmacoepidemiology
opioid safety
prescribing quality indicator
inappropriate prescribing
drug–drug interaction
title A Systematic Review of Potential Opioid Prescribing Safety Indicators
title_full A Systematic Review of Potential Opioid Prescribing Safety Indicators
title_fullStr A Systematic Review of Potential Opioid Prescribing Safety Indicators
title_full_unstemmed A Systematic Review of Potential Opioid Prescribing Safety Indicators
title_short A Systematic Review of Potential Opioid Prescribing Safety Indicators
title_sort systematic review of potential opioid prescribing safety indicators
topic opioid safety
prescribing quality indicator
inappropriate prescribing
drug–drug interaction
url https://www.mdpi.com/2813-0618/4/1/4
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