Uncertainty monitoring in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)

Abstract Metacognition– namely the capacity to reflect on one’s own cognitive processes - provides animals with numerous evolutionary advantages. Metacognition abilities encompass enhanced decision-making in uncertain situations, more efficient resource management, error detection and correction, an...

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Main Authors: M. Loconsole, A. K. Schnell, E. Garcia-Pelegrin, N. S. Clayton
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-05-01
Series:Animal Cognition
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-025-01960-3
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author M. Loconsole
A. K. Schnell
E. Garcia-Pelegrin
N. S. Clayton
author_facet M. Loconsole
A. K. Schnell
E. Garcia-Pelegrin
N. S. Clayton
author_sort M. Loconsole
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Metacognition– namely the capacity to reflect on one’s own cognitive processes - provides animals with numerous evolutionary advantages. Metacognition abilities encompass enhanced decision-making in uncertain situations, more efficient resource management, error detection and correction, and improved problem-solving skills. Here, we investigate how Eurasian jays, Garrulus glandarius, monitor uncertainty through a working memory food-retrieval task. In this task, a desirable food item is hidden under one of two cups, which are then shuffled either once (easy treatment) or several times (difficult treatment). The jays then choose to either engage in locating the food or opt out by selecting a third cup that offers a less preferred food reward. Our findings reveal that the difficulty of the task significantly influenced the jays’ choice, with a higher tendency to opt out during difficult trials. Individual performance analysis revealed that when jays that typically opted out of difficult trials chose to engage instead, they exhibited significant accuracy. This suggests their decisions were guided by a confidence assessment of their knowledge. Overall, our study indicates that Eurasian jays possess metacognitive abilities that enable them to evaluate their own certainty and make strategic decisions based on perceived task difficulty and confidence in their knowledge. These capabilities likely confer advantages in natural settings, such as caching behaviours, allowing jays to make well-informed decisions about when to store or retrieve food based on environmental cues and internal assessments of uncertainty.
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spelling doaj-art-c03e503cfe7c412fa3189b1713ddb96f2025-08-20T02:25:15ZengSpringerAnimal Cognition1435-94562025-05-0128111110.1007/s10071-025-01960-3Uncertainty monitoring in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)M. Loconsole0A. K. Schnell1E. Garcia-Pelegrin2N. S. Clayton3Department of General Psychology, University of PaduaDepartment of Psychology, University of CambridgeDepartment of Psychology, National University of SingaporeDepartment of Psychology, University of CambridgeAbstract Metacognition– namely the capacity to reflect on one’s own cognitive processes - provides animals with numerous evolutionary advantages. Metacognition abilities encompass enhanced decision-making in uncertain situations, more efficient resource management, error detection and correction, and improved problem-solving skills. Here, we investigate how Eurasian jays, Garrulus glandarius, monitor uncertainty through a working memory food-retrieval task. In this task, a desirable food item is hidden under one of two cups, which are then shuffled either once (easy treatment) or several times (difficult treatment). The jays then choose to either engage in locating the food or opt out by selecting a third cup that offers a less preferred food reward. Our findings reveal that the difficulty of the task significantly influenced the jays’ choice, with a higher tendency to opt out during difficult trials. Individual performance analysis revealed that when jays that typically opted out of difficult trials chose to engage instead, they exhibited significant accuracy. This suggests their decisions were guided by a confidence assessment of their knowledge. Overall, our study indicates that Eurasian jays possess metacognitive abilities that enable them to evaluate their own certainty and make strategic decisions based on perceived task difficulty and confidence in their knowledge. These capabilities likely confer advantages in natural settings, such as caching behaviours, allowing jays to make well-informed decisions about when to store or retrieve food based on environmental cues and internal assessments of uncertainty.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-025-01960-3Avian cognitionEurasian jaysIndividual differencesMetacognitionSelf-awarenessUncertainty monitoring
spellingShingle M. Loconsole
A. K. Schnell
E. Garcia-Pelegrin
N. S. Clayton
Uncertainty monitoring in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)
Animal Cognition
Avian cognition
Eurasian jays
Individual differences
Metacognition
Self-awareness
Uncertainty monitoring
title Uncertainty monitoring in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)
title_full Uncertainty monitoring in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)
title_fullStr Uncertainty monitoring in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)
title_full_unstemmed Uncertainty monitoring in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)
title_short Uncertainty monitoring in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)
title_sort uncertainty monitoring in eurasian jays garrulus glandarius
topic Avian cognition
Eurasian jays
Individual differences
Metacognition
Self-awareness
Uncertainty monitoring
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-025-01960-3
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AT egarciapelegrin uncertaintymonitoringineurasianjaysgarrulusglandarius
AT nsclayton uncertaintymonitoringineurasianjaysgarrulusglandarius