Fe3O4 nanoparticles and IAA auxin affect secondary metabolism over time without altering genetic stability in chrysanthemum
Abstract This research studied the impact of bare iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), citrate-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4CA NPs), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the genetic stability and metabolic activity of Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. plants obtained from synthet...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13279-7 |
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| author | Dariusz Kulus Alicja Tymoszuk Mateusz Cichorek Katarzyna Gościnna Magdalena Osial |
| author_facet | Dariusz Kulus Alicja Tymoszuk Mateusz Cichorek Katarzyna Gościnna Magdalena Osial |
| author_sort | Dariusz Kulus |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This research studied the impact of bare iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), citrate-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4CA NPs), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the genetic stability and metabolic activity of Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. plants obtained from synthetic seeds. For this purpose, axillary buds of chrysanthemum ‘Richmond’ were embedded in 3% calcium alginate supplemented with NPs and IAA, either singularly or in combination. Next, the synthetic seeds were stored at 4 °C in the dark (for eight weeks) on an agar-water medium and then transferred to room temperature for 30 or 60 days. Next, the germinated seeds were transplanted to the greenhouse until the plants were fully flowering. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was determined in the leaves and inflorescences of the plants. Moreover, the content of anthocyanins was measured in the inflorescences. RAPD markers were used to assess the genetic stability of plants. Most treatments stimulated the accumulation of polyphenols in the leaves of chrysanthemum by as much as 59% after 30 days, and up to 28% after 60 days. Fe3O4NPs and IAA + Fe3O4CA NPs stimulated the biosynthesis of polyphenols and anthocyanins in the inflorescences after 30 days of treatment (by 36% and 68%, respectively); however, a decline in the content of these compounds (22–33%) was reported after 60 days in most experimental objects, except for Fe3O4CA NPs and IAA + Fe3O4CA NPs. The inflorescences of plants treated with nanoparticles usually exhibited a larger diameter than the control, but only after a shorter exposure to the analyzed factors. In contrast, prolonged treatment resulted in an opposite effect. The genetic uniformity of the plants was confirmed as no polymorphism was detected in 2160 RAPD markers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c0168689c4cb4e26a6c8d6c28fd7e272 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-c0168689c4cb4e26a6c8d6c28fd7e2722025-08-20T04:02:45ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111210.1038/s41598-025-13279-7Fe3O4 nanoparticles and IAA auxin affect secondary metabolism over time without altering genetic stability in chrysanthemumDariusz Kulus0Alicja Tymoszuk1Mateusz Cichorek2Katarzyna Gościnna3Magdalena Osial4Laboratory of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and TechnologyLaboratory of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in OlsztynDepartment of Agronomy and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and TechnologyInstitute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of SciencesAbstract This research studied the impact of bare iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), citrate-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4CA NPs), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the genetic stability and metabolic activity of Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. plants obtained from synthetic seeds. For this purpose, axillary buds of chrysanthemum ‘Richmond’ were embedded in 3% calcium alginate supplemented with NPs and IAA, either singularly or in combination. Next, the synthetic seeds were stored at 4 °C in the dark (for eight weeks) on an agar-water medium and then transferred to room temperature for 30 or 60 days. Next, the germinated seeds were transplanted to the greenhouse until the plants were fully flowering. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was determined in the leaves and inflorescences of the plants. Moreover, the content of anthocyanins was measured in the inflorescences. RAPD markers were used to assess the genetic stability of plants. Most treatments stimulated the accumulation of polyphenols in the leaves of chrysanthemum by as much as 59% after 30 days, and up to 28% after 60 days. Fe3O4NPs and IAA + Fe3O4CA NPs stimulated the biosynthesis of polyphenols and anthocyanins in the inflorescences after 30 days of treatment (by 36% and 68%, respectively); however, a decline in the content of these compounds (22–33%) was reported after 60 days in most experimental objects, except for Fe3O4CA NPs and IAA + Fe3O4CA NPs. The inflorescences of plants treated with nanoparticles usually exhibited a larger diameter than the control, but only after a shorter exposure to the analyzed factors. In contrast, prolonged treatment resulted in an opposite effect. The genetic uniformity of the plants was confirmed as no polymorphism was detected in 2160 RAPD markers.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13279-7Axillary budsNanoparticle–plant interactionPlant biotechnologyRAPDSecondary metabolism regulationSynthetic seeds |
| spellingShingle | Dariusz Kulus Alicja Tymoszuk Mateusz Cichorek Katarzyna Gościnna Magdalena Osial Fe3O4 nanoparticles and IAA auxin affect secondary metabolism over time without altering genetic stability in chrysanthemum Scientific Reports Axillary buds Nanoparticle–plant interaction Plant biotechnology RAPD Secondary metabolism regulation Synthetic seeds |
| title | Fe3O4 nanoparticles and IAA auxin affect secondary metabolism over time without altering genetic stability in chrysanthemum |
| title_full | Fe3O4 nanoparticles and IAA auxin affect secondary metabolism over time without altering genetic stability in chrysanthemum |
| title_fullStr | Fe3O4 nanoparticles and IAA auxin affect secondary metabolism over time without altering genetic stability in chrysanthemum |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fe3O4 nanoparticles and IAA auxin affect secondary metabolism over time without altering genetic stability in chrysanthemum |
| title_short | Fe3O4 nanoparticles and IAA auxin affect secondary metabolism over time without altering genetic stability in chrysanthemum |
| title_sort | fe3o4 nanoparticles and iaa auxin affect secondary metabolism over time without altering genetic stability in chrysanthemum |
| topic | Axillary buds Nanoparticle–plant interaction Plant biotechnology RAPD Secondary metabolism regulation Synthetic seeds |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13279-7 |
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