Clustering of feeding strategies to improve the evaluation of enteric and slurry methane emissions in dairy cows: an observational study based on Italian dairy farms

The dairy sector is facing increasing challenges in terms of its environmental impact. Methane (CH4) is a focal point of research due to its role in enteric emissions from livestock. This study investigates the effects of various feeding strategies on CH4 emissions from lactating Holstein cows fed t...

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Main Authors: Giulia Ferronato, Noemi Tobanelli, Anna Simonetto, Gianni Gilioli, Andrea Formigoni
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Italian Journal of Animal Science
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Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2025.2517229
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author Giulia Ferronato
Noemi Tobanelli
Anna Simonetto
Gianni Gilioli
Andrea Formigoni
author_facet Giulia Ferronato
Noemi Tobanelli
Anna Simonetto
Gianni Gilioli
Andrea Formigoni
author_sort Giulia Ferronato
collection DOAJ
description The dairy sector is facing increasing challenges in terms of its environmental impact. Methane (CH4) is a focal point of research due to its role in enteric emissions from livestock. This study investigates the effects of various feeding strategies on CH4 emissions from lactating Holstein cows fed total mixed ration (TMR) silage-based diets. Four different equations for estimating CH4 emissions were chosen according with accuracy and equation variables, and then compared checking whether diet composition has an effect on average emission levels. Only Mills equation detected differences between nutritional clusters. Considering this equation on average, the CH4 emissions were equal to 460.36 ± 46.95 g/d, 18.90 ± 1.57 g/kg DMI, 12.89 ± 2.83 g/kg FPCM, equal to a loss of 5.93% of gross energy intake. Clustering based on feed composition identified four distinct groups of diets, with no statistically significant difference in CH4 emissions. The highest emissions were found in the nutritional cluster with higher fibre and starch content, with methane production (MeP) reaching 485.85 g/d, 19.47 kg/kg DMI and 14.82 kg/kg FPCM. This indicates that diet nutrients profile significantly impacts CH4 emissions, underscoring the importance of adopting sustainable feeding strategies in dairy production. Notably, a positive correlation exists between MeP and milk productivity, while methane intensity negatively correlates with feed efficiency. The findings emphasise the necessity for context-specific emission factors and underscore the importance of implementing sustainable feeding practices to mitigate CH4 emissions enhancing the efficiency of dairy production systems.
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spelling doaj-art-bfd56eddd7a945fc8d244b6effcc37032025-08-20T02:41:33ZengTaylor & Francis GroupItalian Journal of Animal Science1594-40771828-051X2025-12-012411390140310.1080/1828051X.2025.25172292517229Clustering of feeding strategies to improve the evaluation of enteric and slurry methane emissions in dairy cows: an observational study based on Italian dairy farmsGiulia Ferronato0Noemi Tobanelli1Anna Simonetto2Gianni Gilioli3Andrea Formigoni4Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Ambiente, matematica (DICATAM), University of BresciaDipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Ambiente, matematica (DICATAM), University of BresciaDipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Ambiente, matematica (DICATAM), University of BresciaDipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Ambiente, matematica (DICATAM), University of BresciaDipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of BolognaThe dairy sector is facing increasing challenges in terms of its environmental impact. Methane (CH4) is a focal point of research due to its role in enteric emissions from livestock. This study investigates the effects of various feeding strategies on CH4 emissions from lactating Holstein cows fed total mixed ration (TMR) silage-based diets. Four different equations for estimating CH4 emissions were chosen according with accuracy and equation variables, and then compared checking whether diet composition has an effect on average emission levels. Only Mills equation detected differences between nutritional clusters. Considering this equation on average, the CH4 emissions were equal to 460.36 ± 46.95 g/d, 18.90 ± 1.57 g/kg DMI, 12.89 ± 2.83 g/kg FPCM, equal to a loss of 5.93% of gross energy intake. Clustering based on feed composition identified four distinct groups of diets, with no statistically significant difference in CH4 emissions. The highest emissions were found in the nutritional cluster with higher fibre and starch content, with methane production (MeP) reaching 485.85 g/d, 19.47 kg/kg DMI and 14.82 kg/kg FPCM. This indicates that diet nutrients profile significantly impacts CH4 emissions, underscoring the importance of adopting sustainable feeding strategies in dairy production. Notably, a positive correlation exists between MeP and milk productivity, while methane intensity negatively correlates with feed efficiency. The findings emphasise the necessity for context-specific emission factors and underscore the importance of implementing sustainable feeding practices to mitigate CH4 emissions enhancing the efficiency of dairy production systems.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2025.2517229dairy cowmethaneglobal warming potentialfeeding strategycluster analysis
spellingShingle Giulia Ferronato
Noemi Tobanelli
Anna Simonetto
Gianni Gilioli
Andrea Formigoni
Clustering of feeding strategies to improve the evaluation of enteric and slurry methane emissions in dairy cows: an observational study based on Italian dairy farms
Italian Journal of Animal Science
dairy cow
methane
global warming potential
feeding strategy
cluster analysis
title Clustering of feeding strategies to improve the evaluation of enteric and slurry methane emissions in dairy cows: an observational study based on Italian dairy farms
title_full Clustering of feeding strategies to improve the evaluation of enteric and slurry methane emissions in dairy cows: an observational study based on Italian dairy farms
title_fullStr Clustering of feeding strategies to improve the evaluation of enteric and slurry methane emissions in dairy cows: an observational study based on Italian dairy farms
title_full_unstemmed Clustering of feeding strategies to improve the evaluation of enteric and slurry methane emissions in dairy cows: an observational study based on Italian dairy farms
title_short Clustering of feeding strategies to improve the evaluation of enteric and slurry methane emissions in dairy cows: an observational study based on Italian dairy farms
title_sort clustering of feeding strategies to improve the evaluation of enteric and slurry methane emissions in dairy cows an observational study based on italian dairy farms
topic dairy cow
methane
global warming potential
feeding strategy
cluster analysis
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2025.2517229
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