Power converter for ultra low-frequency and low-voltage energy harvesters

Abstract Energy conversion mechanisms present in some harvesters are only able to provide very low voltage (mV) and frequency (few Hz) electrical signals, which may also have a bipolar nature (AC). These characteristics make unusable most conventional power converters to extract from them a DC volta...

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Main Authors: Mikel Hualde-Otamendi, Carlos A. De La Cruz-Blas, J. Carlos Castellano-Aldave, Alfonso Carlosena
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-05-01
Series:Micro and Nano Systems Letters
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-025-00229-1
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author Mikel Hualde-Otamendi
Carlos A. De La Cruz-Blas
J. Carlos Castellano-Aldave
Alfonso Carlosena
author_facet Mikel Hualde-Otamendi
Carlos A. De La Cruz-Blas
J. Carlos Castellano-Aldave
Alfonso Carlosena
author_sort Mikel Hualde-Otamendi
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Energy conversion mechanisms present in some harvesters are only able to provide very low voltage (mV) and frequency (few Hz) electrical signals, which may also have a bipolar nature (AC). These characteristics make unusable most conventional power converters to extract from them a DC voltage. This letter describes an autonomous self-starting ultra-low voltage and frequency AC-DC converter that can start the operation for AC signals around 25 mV, and below 10 Hz. The converter has been designed with ultra-low vibration harvesters in mind, but is also of application to, for instance, thermoelectric generators (TEG). The circuit is basically an oscillator driven by the harvester output, which therefore converts a low-frequency and low-voltage signal into large signal oscillation amenable for further DC conversion. The proposed circuit is based on the classical Hartley oscillator, which is modified in a nontrivial configuration, and optimized to be able to operate with bipolar, low frequency and voltage driving signals. This is achieved with a minimum number of passive components and a single JFET transistor. A practical prototype has been fabricated, and measurement results are obtained, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach. Moreover, a vibration harvester with the power converter proposed has been tested in real conditions in a wind turbine.
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series Micro and Nano Systems Letters
spelling doaj-art-bfbf309e52db4e5dae10f81ba2b0c0a92025-08-20T02:00:01ZengSpringerOpenMicro and Nano Systems Letters2213-96212025-05-0113111110.1186/s40486-025-00229-1Power converter for ultra low-frequency and low-voltage energy harvestersMikel Hualde-Otamendi0Carlos A. De La Cruz-Blas1J. Carlos Castellano-Aldave2Alfonso Carlosena3Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA)Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA)Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA)Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA)Abstract Energy conversion mechanisms present in some harvesters are only able to provide very low voltage (mV) and frequency (few Hz) electrical signals, which may also have a bipolar nature (AC). These characteristics make unusable most conventional power converters to extract from them a DC voltage. This letter describes an autonomous self-starting ultra-low voltage and frequency AC-DC converter that can start the operation for AC signals around 25 mV, and below 10 Hz. The converter has been designed with ultra-low vibration harvesters in mind, but is also of application to, for instance, thermoelectric generators (TEG). The circuit is basically an oscillator driven by the harvester output, which therefore converts a low-frequency and low-voltage signal into large signal oscillation amenable for further DC conversion. The proposed circuit is based on the classical Hartley oscillator, which is modified in a nontrivial configuration, and optimized to be able to operate with bipolar, low frequency and voltage driving signals. This is achieved with a minimum number of passive components and a single JFET transistor. A practical prototype has been fabricated, and measurement results are obtained, demonstrating the feasibility of the approach. Moreover, a vibration harvester with the power converter proposed has been tested in real conditions in a wind turbine.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-025-00229-1Micro energy harvestingUltra-low input voltageUltra-low frequency operationAC–DC converter
spellingShingle Mikel Hualde-Otamendi
Carlos A. De La Cruz-Blas
J. Carlos Castellano-Aldave
Alfonso Carlosena
Power converter for ultra low-frequency and low-voltage energy harvesters
Micro and Nano Systems Letters
Micro energy harvesting
Ultra-low input voltage
Ultra-low frequency operation
AC–DC converter
title Power converter for ultra low-frequency and low-voltage energy harvesters
title_full Power converter for ultra low-frequency and low-voltage energy harvesters
title_fullStr Power converter for ultra low-frequency and low-voltage energy harvesters
title_full_unstemmed Power converter for ultra low-frequency and low-voltage energy harvesters
title_short Power converter for ultra low-frequency and low-voltage energy harvesters
title_sort power converter for ultra low frequency and low voltage energy harvesters
topic Micro energy harvesting
Ultra-low input voltage
Ultra-low frequency operation
AC–DC converter
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40486-025-00229-1
work_keys_str_mv AT mikelhualdeotamendi powerconverterforultralowfrequencyandlowvoltageenergyharvesters
AT carlosadelacruzblas powerconverterforultralowfrequencyandlowvoltageenergyharvesters
AT jcarloscastellanoaldave powerconverterforultralowfrequencyandlowvoltageenergyharvesters
AT alfonsocarlosena powerconverterforultralowfrequencyandlowvoltageenergyharvesters