Citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin: a randomized controlled trial

Background and objectiveCombining natural compounds with conventional drugs is an emerging strategy to improve the management of type 2 diabetes and its precursor, prediabetes. While metformin effectively lowers blood glucose and improves insulin sensitivity, it may cause side effects or lose effica...

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Main Authors: Thais Cesar, Maria Rita Oliveira, Valeria Sandrim, Adriana Mendes, Ricardo Bruder, Rogerio Oliveira, Katia Sivieri, Dragan Milenkovic
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-08-01
Series:Frontiers in Nutrition
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1639901/full
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author Thais Cesar
Maria Rita Oliveira
Valeria Sandrim
Adriana Mendes
Ricardo Bruder
Rogerio Oliveira
Katia Sivieri
Katia Sivieri
Dragan Milenkovic
author_facet Thais Cesar
Maria Rita Oliveira
Valeria Sandrim
Adriana Mendes
Ricardo Bruder
Rogerio Oliveira
Katia Sivieri
Katia Sivieri
Dragan Milenkovic
author_sort Thais Cesar
collection DOAJ
description Background and objectiveCombining natural compounds with conventional drugs is an emerging strategy to improve the management of type 2 diabetes and its precursor, prediabetes. While metformin effectively lowers blood glucose and improves insulin sensitivity, it may cause side effects or lose efficacy over time. Natural agents, particularly polyphenols, are being explored as adjunct therapies to enhance glycemic control, mitigate adverse effects, and slow disease progression. This study evaluated the efficacy of a citrus bioflavonoid-based nutraceutical as an adjunct to metformin therapy in prediabetic individuals, with a focus on metabolic, inflammatory, oxidative, hormonal, and nutritional-clinical outcomes.MethodsIn this 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, participants received either metformin plus the citrus flavonoid supplement (250 mg/day) or metformin plus placebo.ResultsAt the end of the intervention, the nutraceutical group demonstrated improved postprandial glucose metabolism, including a 5% reduction in 2-h OGTT glucose and preservation of active GLP-1 levels. In contrast, the placebo group exhibited a decline in GLP-1 and increased insulin resistance. Supplementation also resulted in a 12% reduction in TNF-α, a 7.5% increase in plasma antioxidant capacity (FRAP), and modest but significant decreases in body weight, fat mass, and BMI (all p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, systolic blood pressure was reduced by 4%, potentially associated with improved antioxidant status and higher dietary potassium intake.ConclusionThese findings suggest that citrus flavonoids may serve as a safe and effective nutritional adjunct to metformin in the early management of prediabetes. Benefits include improved postprandial glycemia, maintenance of GLP-1 levels, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and modest improvements in body composition and blood pressure. Further long-term studies are warranted to confirm these outcomes and elucidate underlying mechanisms.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT06005142.
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spelling doaj-art-bfbe3afbe5bc4b9ea80bc547d8318f842025-08-20T03:47:01ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2025-08-011210.3389/fnut.2025.16399011639901Citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin: a randomized controlled trialThais Cesar0Maria Rita Oliveira1Valeria Sandrim2Adriana Mendes3Ricardo Bruder4Rogerio Oliveira5Katia Sivieri6Katia Sivieri7Dragan Milenkovic8Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition, and Food Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, BrazilDepartment of Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, BrazilDepartment of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, BrazilDepartment of Internal Medicine, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, BrazilDepartment of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, BrazilDepartment de Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, BrazilGraduate Program in Food, Nutrition, and Food Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, BrazilGraduate Program in Biotechnology in Regenerative Medicine and Medicinal Chemistry Food, Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, BrazilPlants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United StatesBackground and objectiveCombining natural compounds with conventional drugs is an emerging strategy to improve the management of type 2 diabetes and its precursor, prediabetes. While metformin effectively lowers blood glucose and improves insulin sensitivity, it may cause side effects or lose efficacy over time. Natural agents, particularly polyphenols, are being explored as adjunct therapies to enhance glycemic control, mitigate adverse effects, and slow disease progression. This study evaluated the efficacy of a citrus bioflavonoid-based nutraceutical as an adjunct to metformin therapy in prediabetic individuals, with a focus on metabolic, inflammatory, oxidative, hormonal, and nutritional-clinical outcomes.MethodsIn this 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, participants received either metformin plus the citrus flavonoid supplement (250 mg/day) or metformin plus placebo.ResultsAt the end of the intervention, the nutraceutical group demonstrated improved postprandial glucose metabolism, including a 5% reduction in 2-h OGTT glucose and preservation of active GLP-1 levels. In contrast, the placebo group exhibited a decline in GLP-1 and increased insulin resistance. Supplementation also resulted in a 12% reduction in TNF-α, a 7.5% increase in plasma antioxidant capacity (FRAP), and modest but significant decreases in body weight, fat mass, and BMI (all p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, systolic blood pressure was reduced by 4%, potentially associated with improved antioxidant status and higher dietary potassium intake.ConclusionThese findings suggest that citrus flavonoids may serve as a safe and effective nutritional adjunct to metformin in the early management of prediabetes. Benefits include improved postprandial glycemia, maintenance of GLP-1 levels, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and modest improvements in body composition and blood pressure. Further long-term studies are warranted to confirm these outcomes and elucidate underlying mechanisms.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT06005142.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1639901/fullcitrus flavonoidsnutraceuticalmetforminGLP-1inflammatory biomarkersantioxidant status
spellingShingle Thais Cesar
Maria Rita Oliveira
Valeria Sandrim
Adriana Mendes
Ricardo Bruder
Rogerio Oliveira
Katia Sivieri
Katia Sivieri
Dragan Milenkovic
Citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin: a randomized controlled trial
Frontiers in Nutrition
citrus flavonoids
nutraceutical
metformin
GLP-1
inflammatory biomarkers
antioxidant status
title Citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin: a randomized controlled trial
title_full Citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin: a randomized controlled trial
title_fullStr Citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin: a randomized controlled trial
title_full_unstemmed Citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin: a randomized controlled trial
title_short Citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin: a randomized controlled trial
title_sort citrus flavonoid supplement enhances glycemic and metabolic control in prediabetic patients on metformin a randomized controlled trial
topic citrus flavonoids
nutraceutical
metformin
GLP-1
inflammatory biomarkers
antioxidant status
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1639901/full
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