Static and dynamic mechanical properties of 3D-printed clear resin with embedded orthodontic metal wire
Abstract Background The mechanical properties of directly 3D-printed clear dental aligners are currently constrained by the limitations of available 3D printing materials. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of direct 3D-printed clear resin embedded with orthodontic wire under...
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| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Progress in Orthodontics |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-025-00559-1 |
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| author | Junjing Zhang Yuqiang Zhang James Kit Hon Tsoi Yanqi Yang Kiho Cho |
| author_facet | Junjing Zhang Yuqiang Zhang James Kit Hon Tsoi Yanqi Yang Kiho Cho |
| author_sort | Junjing Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The mechanical properties of directly 3D-printed clear dental aligners are currently constrained by the limitations of available 3D printing materials. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of direct 3D-printed clear resin embedded with orthodontic wire under different surface treatments to propose a novel integration method for orthodontic appliances and treatment. Methods The stainless-steel wires were divided into three groups based on surface treatments: control groups (C), sandblasting group (S), sandblasting and acid etching group (SA). Surface characteristics were analyzed and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was measured. Dumbbell-shaped specimens were fabricated using 3D-printed clear resin and divided into four groups, depending on whether they were embedded with stainless-steel wires subjected to different surface treatments. The static and dynamic mechanical properties tests were carried out to calculate elastic modulus, tensile strength, and stress relaxation. Results The average roughness and surface morphology of stainless-steel wires exhibited significant differences (P < 0.001) following different surface treatments. Sandblasting and acid-etching significantly enhanced IFSS, resulting in a fivefold increase to 28.8 MPa. The elastic modulus and tensile strength of the 3D-printed resin embedded with wires were significantly higher than those of the pure 3D-printed resin group. However, no significant differences in elastic modulus were observed among the different wire surface treatment groups. The sandblasting and acid-etching group exhibited higher residual stress compared to the other groups during both 6-hour and cyclic stress relaxation tests. Conclusion This study presents a novel approach to 3D-printed clear dental aligners integrated with metal wires for orthodontic treatment. Surface treatment of orthodontic metal wire through sandblasting and acid etching enhances the bonding strength between the wire and 3D-printed clear resin, improving the static and dynamic mechanical properties of directly 3D-printed clear resin appliances. The innovative process and device provide an integrated solution for digital orthodontic treatments. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bf675539db024e7a9d2bfe8fffa01020 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2196-1042 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Progress in Orthodontics |
| spelling | doaj-art-bf675539db024e7a9d2bfe8fffa010202025-08-20T02:17:13ZengSpringerOpenProgress in Orthodontics2196-10422025-03-0126111210.1186/s40510-025-00559-1Static and dynamic mechanical properties of 3D-printed clear resin with embedded orthodontic metal wireJunjing Zhang0Yuqiang Zhang1James Kit Hon Tsoi2Yanqi Yang3Kiho Cho4Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, The University of Hong KongFaculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, The University of Hong KongFaculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, The University of Hong KongFaculty of Dentistry, Division of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Hong KongFaculty of Dentistry, Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, The University of Hong KongAbstract Background The mechanical properties of directly 3D-printed clear dental aligners are currently constrained by the limitations of available 3D printing materials. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of direct 3D-printed clear resin embedded with orthodontic wire under different surface treatments to propose a novel integration method for orthodontic appliances and treatment. Methods The stainless-steel wires were divided into three groups based on surface treatments: control groups (C), sandblasting group (S), sandblasting and acid etching group (SA). Surface characteristics were analyzed and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was measured. Dumbbell-shaped specimens were fabricated using 3D-printed clear resin and divided into four groups, depending on whether they were embedded with stainless-steel wires subjected to different surface treatments. The static and dynamic mechanical properties tests were carried out to calculate elastic modulus, tensile strength, and stress relaxation. Results The average roughness and surface morphology of stainless-steel wires exhibited significant differences (P < 0.001) following different surface treatments. Sandblasting and acid-etching significantly enhanced IFSS, resulting in a fivefold increase to 28.8 MPa. The elastic modulus and tensile strength of the 3D-printed resin embedded with wires were significantly higher than those of the pure 3D-printed resin group. However, no significant differences in elastic modulus were observed among the different wire surface treatment groups. The sandblasting and acid-etching group exhibited higher residual stress compared to the other groups during both 6-hour and cyclic stress relaxation tests. Conclusion This study presents a novel approach to 3D-printed clear dental aligners integrated with metal wires for orthodontic treatment. Surface treatment of orthodontic metal wire through sandblasting and acid etching enhances the bonding strength between the wire and 3D-printed clear resin, improving the static and dynamic mechanical properties of directly 3D-printed clear resin appliances. The innovative process and device provide an integrated solution for digital orthodontic treatments.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-025-00559-13D-printed clear resinOrthodonticsMechanical propertyStress relaxationEmbedded metal wireMulti-materials |
| spellingShingle | Junjing Zhang Yuqiang Zhang James Kit Hon Tsoi Yanqi Yang Kiho Cho Static and dynamic mechanical properties of 3D-printed clear resin with embedded orthodontic metal wire Progress in Orthodontics 3D-printed clear resin Orthodontics Mechanical property Stress relaxation Embedded metal wire Multi-materials |
| title | Static and dynamic mechanical properties of 3D-printed clear resin with embedded orthodontic metal wire |
| title_full | Static and dynamic mechanical properties of 3D-printed clear resin with embedded orthodontic metal wire |
| title_fullStr | Static and dynamic mechanical properties of 3D-printed clear resin with embedded orthodontic metal wire |
| title_full_unstemmed | Static and dynamic mechanical properties of 3D-printed clear resin with embedded orthodontic metal wire |
| title_short | Static and dynamic mechanical properties of 3D-printed clear resin with embedded orthodontic metal wire |
| title_sort | static and dynamic mechanical properties of 3d printed clear resin with embedded orthodontic metal wire |
| topic | 3D-printed clear resin Orthodontics Mechanical property Stress relaxation Embedded metal wire Multi-materials |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-025-00559-1 |
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