Agreement between cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion
Background: Conflicting results from different cephalometric analyses is a common problem with broader implications but has not received due attention. This study evaluated the agreement between common cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the essential dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion....
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Elsevier
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212426825001034 |
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| author | J. Monisha Ulaganathan Sangeetha Bhaskar Nivethitha Balasubramanian Madhan |
| author_facet | J. Monisha Ulaganathan Sangeetha Bhaskar Nivethitha Balasubramanian Madhan |
| author_sort | J. Monisha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Conflicting results from different cephalometric analyses is a common problem with broader implications but has not received due attention. This study evaluated the agreement between common cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the essential dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion. Material and methods: A total of 125 lateral cephalograms were analyzed digitally using Downs, Steiner, Wits, Tweed, Bjork, Ricketts, and McNamara analysis. The diagnosis of sagittal jaw relation (Class 1/2/3), maxillary and mandibular positions (Orthognathic/Prognathic/Retrognathic), growth pattern (Normodivergent/Hypodivergent/Hyperdivergent), and upper and lower incisors positions (Normal/Proclined/Retroclined) were established based on each analysis. The extent of agreement between the analyses was assessed using Kappa statistics. Results: The overall agreement between analyses was moderate for sagittal jaw relationship [k = 0.41 (0.37-0.45)], fair for growth pattern [k = 0.24 (0.20-0.27)], mandibular position [k = 0.25, (0.20-0.30)], upper incisor (k = 0.38, CI = 0.32-0.44) and lower incisor [k = 0.21 (0.17-0.25)] positions, and only slight for maxillary position [k = 0.18 (0.13-0.23)]. For pairwise comparisons of analyses, the agreement was moderate to substantial for the sagittal jaw relationship (except for comparisons involving McNamara analysis) and slight to moderate for other variables. Also, the diagnosis of normal dentofacial relationships (Class 1 and normodivergent skeletal pattern, orthognathic jaw positions, and normal incisor positions) was less consistent than those of deviant subgroups. Conclusions: The agreement between the cephalometric analyses evaluated was moderate for sagittal jaw relation and only fair for most other dento-skeletal characteristics. McNamara's analysis showed less agreement with others. These highlight the need for a more cautious and scientific approach to Cephalometrics. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bee174c8635e4762b2a3fa676a93155d |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2212-4268 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-bee174c8635e4762b2a3fa676a93155d2025-08-20T03:23:29ZengElsevierJournal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research2212-42682025-07-0115474474810.1016/j.jobcr.2025.04.012Agreement between cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusionJ. Monisha0Ulaganathan Sangeetha1Bhaskar Nivethitha2Balasubramanian Madhan3Corresponding author.; Division of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Dentistry, JIPMER, Puducherry, 605006, IndiaDivision of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Dentistry, JIPMER, Puducherry, 605006, IndiaDivision of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Dentistry, JIPMER, Puducherry, 605006, IndiaDivision of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Dentistry, JIPMER, Puducherry, 605006, IndiaBackground: Conflicting results from different cephalometric analyses is a common problem with broader implications but has not received due attention. This study evaluated the agreement between common cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the essential dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion. Material and methods: A total of 125 lateral cephalograms were analyzed digitally using Downs, Steiner, Wits, Tweed, Bjork, Ricketts, and McNamara analysis. The diagnosis of sagittal jaw relation (Class 1/2/3), maxillary and mandibular positions (Orthognathic/Prognathic/Retrognathic), growth pattern (Normodivergent/Hypodivergent/Hyperdivergent), and upper and lower incisors positions (Normal/Proclined/Retroclined) were established based on each analysis. The extent of agreement between the analyses was assessed using Kappa statistics. Results: The overall agreement between analyses was moderate for sagittal jaw relationship [k = 0.41 (0.37-0.45)], fair for growth pattern [k = 0.24 (0.20-0.27)], mandibular position [k = 0.25, (0.20-0.30)], upper incisor (k = 0.38, CI = 0.32-0.44) and lower incisor [k = 0.21 (0.17-0.25)] positions, and only slight for maxillary position [k = 0.18 (0.13-0.23)]. For pairwise comparisons of analyses, the agreement was moderate to substantial for the sagittal jaw relationship (except for comparisons involving McNamara analysis) and slight to moderate for other variables. Also, the diagnosis of normal dentofacial relationships (Class 1 and normodivergent skeletal pattern, orthognathic jaw positions, and normal incisor positions) was less consistent than those of deviant subgroups. Conclusions: The agreement between the cephalometric analyses evaluated was moderate for sagittal jaw relation and only fair for most other dento-skeletal characteristics. McNamara's analysis showed less agreement with others. These highlight the need for a more cautious and scientific approach to Cephalometrics.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212426825001034CephalometricsOrthodontic diagnosisCephalometric diagnosisMethod agreement |
| spellingShingle | J. Monisha Ulaganathan Sangeetha Bhaskar Nivethitha Balasubramanian Madhan Agreement between cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research Cephalometrics Orthodontic diagnosis Cephalometric diagnosis Method agreement |
| title | Agreement between cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion |
| title_full | Agreement between cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion |
| title_fullStr | Agreement between cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agreement between cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion |
| title_short | Agreement between cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the dento-skeletal characteristics of malocclusion |
| title_sort | agreement between cephalometric analyses in diagnosing the dento skeletal characteristics of malocclusion |
| topic | Cephalometrics Orthodontic diagnosis Cephalometric diagnosis Method agreement |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212426825001034 |
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