A proposed methodology for the definition of background and reference values for trace elements in fluvial sediments
The Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) mandates member states to consider trace element background values when establishing environmental quality standards (EQS) for sediments. This study proposes defining the “background” value as the trace element concentration that is consistently presen...
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324015938 |
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| author | F. Barrio-Parra R. Álvarez H. Serrano-García M. Izquierdo-Díaz A. Ordóñez C.C. García-Fernández E. De Miguel |
| author_facet | F. Barrio-Parra R. Álvarez H. Serrano-García M. Izquierdo-Díaz A. Ordóñez C.C. García-Fernández E. De Miguel |
| author_sort | F. Barrio-Parra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) mandates member states to consider trace element background values when establishing environmental quality standards (EQS) for sediments. This study proposes defining the “background” value as the trace element concentration that is consistently present in the unaltered natural environment, and the “reference” value as an upper limit of variation of naturally occurring concentrations, suggestive of anthropogenic enrichment if exceeded. We argue that background and reference values can be computed as the upper limits of the one-sided 95 % confidence interval for the median and for the 90th percentile, respectively. This proposition has been tested in two European river basins with different historical anthropogenic impacts: the Nalón (impacted by mining activities) and the Esva (mostly unpolluted) basins. For 110 bottom sediment samples collected from both pristine (background) and potentially impacted (non-background) locations, 19 elements were analyzed by ICP-MS/ICP-AES. The proposed background and reference values, calculated using the Bootstrap method, demonstrated consistency despite geological differences between the basins. The methodology proved particularly effective in datasets with a limited sample size and highly skewed data distributions. In the Nalón basin, with higher anthropogenic activity, the percentage of samples exceeding reference values was higher than in the Esva basin (e.g., 29 % vs 7 % for As and 11 % vs 0 % for Pb), suggesting the utility of these values in discerning potential impacts of historic mining activities. In the Esva basin, background and reference values were either near or below generic thresholds for good ecological status (LEL, TEL) unlike the Nalón basin, in which reference values for all elements, except three, exceeded these thresholds. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-be6db27064474a41878f5ee46ed0d533 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj-art-be6db27064474a41878f5ee46ed0d5332025-02-12T05:29:25ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-01-01290117517A proposed methodology for the definition of background and reference values for trace elements in fluvial sedimentsF. Barrio-Parra0R. Álvarez1H. Serrano-García2M. Izquierdo-Díaz3A. Ordóñez4C.C. García-Fernández5E. De Miguel6Prospecting & Environment Laboratory (PROMEDIAM), ETS de Ingenieros de Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Alenza 4, Madrid 28003, Spain; Corresponding author.ISYMA Group, Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting, University of Oviedo, Independencia 13, Oviedo, Asturias 33004, SpainProspecting & Environment Laboratory (PROMEDIAM), ETS de Ingenieros de Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Alenza 4, Madrid 28003, SpainProspecting & Environment Laboratory (PROMEDIAM), ETS de Ingenieros de Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Alenza 4, Madrid 28003, SpainISYMA Group, Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting, University of Oviedo, Independencia 13, Oviedo, Asturias 33004, SpainISYMA Group, Department of Mining Exploitation and Prospecting, University of Oviedo, Independencia 13, Oviedo, Asturias 33004, SpainProspecting & Environment Laboratory (PROMEDIAM), ETS de Ingenieros de Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Alenza 4, Madrid 28003, SpainThe Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) mandates member states to consider trace element background values when establishing environmental quality standards (EQS) for sediments. This study proposes defining the “background” value as the trace element concentration that is consistently present in the unaltered natural environment, and the “reference” value as an upper limit of variation of naturally occurring concentrations, suggestive of anthropogenic enrichment if exceeded. We argue that background and reference values can be computed as the upper limits of the one-sided 95 % confidence interval for the median and for the 90th percentile, respectively. This proposition has been tested in two European river basins with different historical anthropogenic impacts: the Nalón (impacted by mining activities) and the Esva (mostly unpolluted) basins. For 110 bottom sediment samples collected from both pristine (background) and potentially impacted (non-background) locations, 19 elements were analyzed by ICP-MS/ICP-AES. The proposed background and reference values, calculated using the Bootstrap method, demonstrated consistency despite geological differences between the basins. The methodology proved particularly effective in datasets with a limited sample size and highly skewed data distributions. In the Nalón basin, with higher anthropogenic activity, the percentage of samples exceeding reference values was higher than in the Esva basin (e.g., 29 % vs 7 % for As and 11 % vs 0 % for Pb), suggesting the utility of these values in discerning potential impacts of historic mining activities. In the Esva basin, background and reference values were either near or below generic thresholds for good ecological status (LEL, TEL) unlike the Nalón basin, in which reference values for all elements, except three, exceeded these thresholds.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324015938BootstrapBackgroundSedimentWater Framework DirectiveThreshold |
| spellingShingle | F. Barrio-Parra R. Álvarez H. Serrano-García M. Izquierdo-Díaz A. Ordóñez C.C. García-Fernández E. De Miguel A proposed methodology for the definition of background and reference values for trace elements in fluvial sediments Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Bootstrap Background Sediment Water Framework Directive Threshold |
| title | A proposed methodology for the definition of background and reference values for trace elements in fluvial sediments |
| title_full | A proposed methodology for the definition of background and reference values for trace elements in fluvial sediments |
| title_fullStr | A proposed methodology for the definition of background and reference values for trace elements in fluvial sediments |
| title_full_unstemmed | A proposed methodology for the definition of background and reference values for trace elements in fluvial sediments |
| title_short | A proposed methodology for the definition of background and reference values for trace elements in fluvial sediments |
| title_sort | proposed methodology for the definition of background and reference values for trace elements in fluvial sediments |
| topic | Bootstrap Background Sediment Water Framework Directive Threshold |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324015938 |
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