Atrophic C2C12 Myotubes Activate Inflammatory Response of Macrophages In Vitro
Background: Skeletal muscle wasting is commonly observed in aging, immobility, and chronic diseases. In pathological conditions, the impairment of skeletal muscle and immune system often occurs simultaneously. Recent studies have highlighted the initiative role of skeletal muscle in interactions wit...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| author | Cong Wu Yishan Tong Jiapeng Huang Shuo Wang Haruki Kobori Ziwei Zhang Katsuhiko Suzuki |
| author_facet | Cong Wu Yishan Tong Jiapeng Huang Shuo Wang Haruki Kobori Ziwei Zhang Katsuhiko Suzuki |
| author_sort | Cong Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Skeletal muscle wasting is commonly observed in aging, immobility, and chronic diseases. In pathological conditions, the impairment of skeletal muscle and immune system often occurs simultaneously. Recent studies have highlighted the initiative role of skeletal muscle in interactions with immune cells. However, the impact of skeletal muscle wasting on macrophage inflammatory responses remains poorly understood. Methods: To investigate the effect of atrophic myotubes on the inflammatory response of macrophages, we established two in vitro models to induce myotube atrophy: one induced by D-galactose and the other by starvation. Conditioned medium (CM) from normal and atrophic myotubes were collected and administered to bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice. Subsequently, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was applied, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines was measured via RT-qPCR. Results: Both D-galactose and starvation treatments reduced myotube diameter and upregulated muscle atrophy-related gene expression. CM from both atrophic myotubes models augmented the gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors in BMDMs following LPS stimulation, including <i>Il6</i>, <i>Il1b</i>, and <i>Nfkb1</i>. Notably, CM from starvation-induced atrophic myotubes also enhanced <i>Il12b</i>, <i>Tnf</i>, and <i>Nos2</i> expression in BMDMs after stimulation, a response not observed in D-galactose-induced atrophic myotubes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CM from atrophic myotubes enhanced the expression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-be5ef424199d41fe83234fa65df9d6c1 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj-art-be5ef424199d41fe83234fa65df9d6c12025-08-20T02:53:19ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092025-02-0114531710.3390/cells14050317Atrophic C2C12 Myotubes Activate Inflammatory Response of Macrophages In VitroCong Wu0Yishan Tong1Jiapeng Huang2Shuo Wang3Haruki Kobori4Ziwei Zhang5Katsuhiko Suzuki6Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, JapanGraduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, JapanGraduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, JapanGraduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, JapanGraduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, JapanGraduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, JapanFaculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, JapanBackground: Skeletal muscle wasting is commonly observed in aging, immobility, and chronic diseases. In pathological conditions, the impairment of skeletal muscle and immune system often occurs simultaneously. Recent studies have highlighted the initiative role of skeletal muscle in interactions with immune cells. However, the impact of skeletal muscle wasting on macrophage inflammatory responses remains poorly understood. Methods: To investigate the effect of atrophic myotubes on the inflammatory response of macrophages, we established two in vitro models to induce myotube atrophy: one induced by D-galactose and the other by starvation. Conditioned medium (CM) from normal and atrophic myotubes were collected and administered to bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from mice. Subsequently, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was applied, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines was measured via RT-qPCR. Results: Both D-galactose and starvation treatments reduced myotube diameter and upregulated muscle atrophy-related gene expression. CM from both atrophic myotubes models augmented the gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors in BMDMs following LPS stimulation, including <i>Il6</i>, <i>Il1b</i>, and <i>Nfkb1</i>. Notably, CM from starvation-induced atrophic myotubes also enhanced <i>Il12b</i>, <i>Tnf</i>, and <i>Nos2</i> expression in BMDMs after stimulation, a response not observed in D-galactose-induced atrophic myotubes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CM from atrophic myotubes enhanced the expression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/5/317skeletal muscle wastingmacrophageinflammatory response |
| spellingShingle | Cong Wu Yishan Tong Jiapeng Huang Shuo Wang Haruki Kobori Ziwei Zhang Katsuhiko Suzuki Atrophic C2C12 Myotubes Activate Inflammatory Response of Macrophages In Vitro Cells skeletal muscle wasting macrophage inflammatory response |
| title | Atrophic C2C12 Myotubes Activate Inflammatory Response of Macrophages In Vitro |
| title_full | Atrophic C2C12 Myotubes Activate Inflammatory Response of Macrophages In Vitro |
| title_fullStr | Atrophic C2C12 Myotubes Activate Inflammatory Response of Macrophages In Vitro |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atrophic C2C12 Myotubes Activate Inflammatory Response of Macrophages In Vitro |
| title_short | Atrophic C2C12 Myotubes Activate Inflammatory Response of Macrophages In Vitro |
| title_sort | atrophic c2c12 myotubes activate inflammatory response of macrophages in vitro |
| topic | skeletal muscle wasting macrophage inflammatory response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/5/317 |
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