Mobility-Aware Bivariate Line-of-Sight Probability for Air-to-Ground Communications Using Millimeter and Terahertz Waves
This paper presents a mobility-aware bivariate line-of-sight (LoS) probability model for millimeter waves and terahertz air-to-ground communication. Current literature does not provide LoS models that consider using directional antennas on the unmanned aerial vehicle that acts as an air base station...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11050367/ |
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| author | Basheer Ameen Raddwan Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Baltah |
| author_facet | Basheer Ameen Raddwan Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Baltah |
| author_sort | Basheer Ameen Raddwan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents a mobility-aware bivariate line-of-sight (LoS) probability model for millimeter waves and terahertz air-to-ground communication. Current literature does not provide LoS models that consider using directional antennas on the unmanned aerial vehicle that acts as an air base station (airBS). Furthermore, in the context of having large stationary blockers, the impact of ground user terminals’ (gUTs) and airBSs’ mobility remains unexplored. To simulate the ray-tracing between gUTs and airBSs in both scenarios where the airBSs have omnidirectional or directional antennas, we develop a game engine-based synthetic urban layout generator. We analyze ray-tracing as a bivariate probability and formulated a unified joint probability function that could predict the LoS probability for omnidirectional and directional scenarios. The proposed model outperformed the existing models in the omnidirectional scenario. We also present a benchmark for the model’s performance in the directional scenario. Moreover, using ray-tracing simulation, we examine the influence of mobility on the service time, also known as the sojourn time, and developed two cubic polynomial models to forecast the service time for any urban layout that aligns with the ITU-R P.1410-5 build-up parameters. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-be2e2a928fc84289865521e8dce5fd12 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-be2e2a928fc84289865521e8dce5fd122025-08-20T03:13:43ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-011312391312393010.1109/ACCESS.2025.358289011050367Mobility-Aware Bivariate Line-of-Sight Probability for Air-to-Ground Communications Using Millimeter and Terahertz WavesBasheer Ameen Raddwan0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5479-7703Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Baltah1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9549-8873Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and IT, Sana’a University, Sanaa, YemenDepartment of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and IT, Sana’a University, Sanaa, YemenThis paper presents a mobility-aware bivariate line-of-sight (LoS) probability model for millimeter waves and terahertz air-to-ground communication. Current literature does not provide LoS models that consider using directional antennas on the unmanned aerial vehicle that acts as an air base station (airBS). Furthermore, in the context of having large stationary blockers, the impact of ground user terminals’ (gUTs) and airBSs’ mobility remains unexplored. To simulate the ray-tracing between gUTs and airBSs in both scenarios where the airBSs have omnidirectional or directional antennas, we develop a game engine-based synthetic urban layout generator. We analyze ray-tracing as a bivariate probability and formulated a unified joint probability function that could predict the LoS probability for omnidirectional and directional scenarios. The proposed model outperformed the existing models in the omnidirectional scenario. We also present a benchmark for the model’s performance in the directional scenario. Moreover, using ray-tracing simulation, we examine the influence of mobility on the service time, also known as the sojourn time, and developed two cubic polynomial models to forecast the service time for any urban layout that aligns with the ITU-R P.1410-5 build-up parameters.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11050367/Line-of-sight probabilitymobilityair-to-ground communicationmulti-access edge computingray-tracingunmanned aerial vehicles |
| spellingShingle | Basheer Ameen Raddwan Ibrahim Ahmed Al-Baltah Mobility-Aware Bivariate Line-of-Sight Probability for Air-to-Ground Communications Using Millimeter and Terahertz Waves IEEE Access Line-of-sight probability mobility air-to-ground communication multi-access edge computing ray-tracing unmanned aerial vehicles |
| title | Mobility-Aware Bivariate Line-of-Sight Probability for Air-to-Ground Communications Using Millimeter and Terahertz Waves |
| title_full | Mobility-Aware Bivariate Line-of-Sight Probability for Air-to-Ground Communications Using Millimeter and Terahertz Waves |
| title_fullStr | Mobility-Aware Bivariate Line-of-Sight Probability for Air-to-Ground Communications Using Millimeter and Terahertz Waves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mobility-Aware Bivariate Line-of-Sight Probability for Air-to-Ground Communications Using Millimeter and Terahertz Waves |
| title_short | Mobility-Aware Bivariate Line-of-Sight Probability for Air-to-Ground Communications Using Millimeter and Terahertz Waves |
| title_sort | mobility aware bivariate line of sight probability for air to ground communications using millimeter and terahertz waves |
| topic | Line-of-sight probability mobility air-to-ground communication multi-access edge computing ray-tracing unmanned aerial vehicles |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11050367/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT basheerameenraddwan mobilityawarebivariatelineofsightprobabilityforairtogroundcommunicationsusingmillimeterandterahertzwaves AT ibrahimahmedalbaltah mobilityawarebivariatelineofsightprobabilityforairtogroundcommunicationsusingmillimeterandterahertzwaves |