On the Performance Analysis of UE-VBS-Based Wireless Communications: Network Outages, Resource Utilization, and Optimization
User Equipment as a Virtual Base Station (UE-VBS) computing paradigm represents a significant advancement in wireless networking. It enables User Equipment (UE) to form: i) Virtual Base Stations (VBSs) by dynamically integrating Cluster Heads (referred to as UE-VBSCH), or Virtual Relays (referred to...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Iacovos I. Ioannou Ala' Khalifeh Prabagarane Nagaradjane Christophoros Christophorou Vasos Vassiliou Orestis Neokleous Andreas Pitsillides |
| author_facet | Iacovos I. Ioannou Ala' Khalifeh Prabagarane Nagaradjane Christophoros Christophorou Vasos Vassiliou Orestis Neokleous Andreas Pitsillides |
| author_sort | Iacovos I. Ioannou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | User Equipment as a Virtual Base Station (UE-VBS) computing paradigm represents a significant advancement in wireless networking. It enables User Equipment (UE) to form: i) Virtual Base Stations (VBSs) by dynamically integrating Cluster Heads (referred to as UE-VBSCH), or Virtual Relays (referred to as UE-VBSRL), in the far-edge domain. This research focuses on enhancing the Quality of Service (QoS) (and thereby improving user experience) in networks supported by UE-VBS computing through outage prediction, network optimization, and advanced wireless techniques. In addition, the paper presents a detailed outage probability analysis and explores the trade-off between efficiency and reliability (namely, spectral and energy efficiency and link-level reliability (outage probability)), which are core contributions of this work. For a representative urban density of 2 UEs per m2, a single-hop UE-VBS slice lowers the outage probability from 0.78 to 0.23, raises the peak area-spectral efficiency to 4.3 bits−1 Hz−1 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 4.8\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> the baseline), and delivers an energy efficiency of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.4\times 10^{5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> bit J−1 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 4.6\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> improvement). These concrete figures substantiate the claimed gains and illustrate how UE-VBS computing simultaneously improves efficiency and reliability. Specifically, it provides a thorough examination of UE-VBS computing’s capacity to enhance service quality, reduce congestion, and promote energy efficiency. Also, it empirically confirms UE-VBS computing’s superior performance, including mitigating coverage gaps coverage gaps are localized areas inside a nominally covered cell where received SINR falls below the outage threshold because of shadowing or cell-edge distance), optimizing network traffic, and reducing battery consumption compared to traditional networks/non-UE-VBS computing-supported networks. Enhanced QoS aims to minimize the challenges associated with restricted network coverage, ensuring consistent data transmission rates and improving overall user satisfaction. The potential exists for adopting effective network traffic offloading to mitigate the heavy traffic on primary base stations known as Next Generation Node B (gNodeB). Consequently, this can result in enhanced spectrum utilization and heightened data throughput. Leveraging UE-VBS computing also contributes to power conservation and fosters sustainability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-be2860112ee9445f9dded15500c679c4 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
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| spelling | doaj-art-be2860112ee9445f9dded15500c679c42025-08-20T03:19:17ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-0113945859461010.1109/ACCESS.2025.357384611017336On the Performance Analysis of UE-VBS-Based Wireless Communications: Network Outages, Resource Utilization, and OptimizationIacovos I. Ioannou0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1562-5543Ala' Khalifeh1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-8090Prabagarane Nagaradjane2Christophoros Christophorou3Vasos Vassiliou4Orestis Neokleous5Andreas Pitsillides6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5072-2851Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CyprusDepartment of Computer Science, German Jordanian University, Amman, JordanDepartment of ECE, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, IndiaCYENS—Center of Excellence, Nicosia, CyprusDepartment of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CyprusDepartment of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CyprusDepartment of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, CyprusUser Equipment as a Virtual Base Station (UE-VBS) computing paradigm represents a significant advancement in wireless networking. It enables User Equipment (UE) to form: i) Virtual Base Stations (VBSs) by dynamically integrating Cluster Heads (referred to as UE-VBSCH), or Virtual Relays (referred to as UE-VBSRL), in the far-edge domain. This research focuses on enhancing the Quality of Service (QoS) (and thereby improving user experience) in networks supported by UE-VBS computing through outage prediction, network optimization, and advanced wireless techniques. In addition, the paper presents a detailed outage probability analysis and explores the trade-off between efficiency and reliability (namely, spectral and energy efficiency and link-level reliability (outage probability)), which are core contributions of this work. For a representative urban density of 2 UEs per m2, a single-hop UE-VBS slice lowers the outage probability from 0.78 to 0.23, raises the peak area-spectral efficiency to 4.3 bits−1 Hz−1 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 4.8\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> the baseline), and delivers an energy efficiency of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.4\times 10^{5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> bit J−1 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\approx 4.6\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> improvement). These concrete figures substantiate the claimed gains and illustrate how UE-VBS computing simultaneously improves efficiency and reliability. Specifically, it provides a thorough examination of UE-VBS computing’s capacity to enhance service quality, reduce congestion, and promote energy efficiency. Also, it empirically confirms UE-VBS computing’s superior performance, including mitigating coverage gaps coverage gaps are localized areas inside a nominally covered cell where received SINR falls below the outage threshold because of shadowing or cell-edge distance), optimizing network traffic, and reducing battery consumption compared to traditional networks/non-UE-VBS computing-supported networks. Enhanced QoS aims to minimize the challenges associated with restricted network coverage, ensuring consistent data transmission rates and improving overall user satisfaction. The potential exists for adopting effective network traffic offloading to mitigate the heavy traffic on primary base stations known as Next Generation Node B (gNodeB). Consequently, this can result in enhanced spectrum utilization and heightened data throughput. Leveraging UE-VBS computing also contributes to power conservation and fosters sustainability.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11017336/UE-VBSnetwork system outageresource analysisoptimization |
| spellingShingle | Iacovos I. Ioannou Ala' Khalifeh Prabagarane Nagaradjane Christophoros Christophorou Vasos Vassiliou Orestis Neokleous Andreas Pitsillides On the Performance Analysis of UE-VBS-Based Wireless Communications: Network Outages, Resource Utilization, and Optimization IEEE Access UE-VBS network system outage resource analysis optimization |
| title | On the Performance Analysis of UE-VBS-Based Wireless Communications: Network Outages, Resource Utilization, and Optimization |
| title_full | On the Performance Analysis of UE-VBS-Based Wireless Communications: Network Outages, Resource Utilization, and Optimization |
| title_fullStr | On the Performance Analysis of UE-VBS-Based Wireless Communications: Network Outages, Resource Utilization, and Optimization |
| title_full_unstemmed | On the Performance Analysis of UE-VBS-Based Wireless Communications: Network Outages, Resource Utilization, and Optimization |
| title_short | On the Performance Analysis of UE-VBS-Based Wireless Communications: Network Outages, Resource Utilization, and Optimization |
| title_sort | on the performance analysis of ue vbs based wireless communications network outages resource utilization and optimization |
| topic | UE-VBS network system outage resource analysis optimization |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11017336/ |
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