Assessing the risk of soil salinization in an intensively irrigated area of Pakistan

Abstract Agricultural productivity in the Rechna Doab, an important sub-basin of the Indus River in Pakistan, is declining due to high salinity in the soil. The future progression of soil salinization remains uncertain, and it is challenging to identify which areas are most vulnerable to this proces...

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Main Authors: Zunaira Maab, Wouter Julius Smolenaars, Muhammad Khalid Jamil, Hester Biemans
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-08-01
Series:Discover Water
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00268-0
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author Zunaira Maab
Wouter Julius Smolenaars
Muhammad Khalid Jamil
Hester Biemans
author_facet Zunaira Maab
Wouter Julius Smolenaars
Muhammad Khalid Jamil
Hester Biemans
author_sort Zunaira Maab
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Agricultural productivity in the Rechna Doab, an important sub-basin of the Indus River in Pakistan, is declining due to high salinity in the soil. The future progression of soil salinization remains uncertain, and it is challenging to identify which areas are most vulnerable to this process. This uncertainty makes it challenging to develop adaptation strategies that target the key causes in the affected areas. In this study, a novel model for salinization risk is presented that is specifically tailored to the context of irrigated agriculture in the Rechna Doab. This model combines several spatial layers of drivers and risk factors to provide a high-resolution Combined Salinization Risk Indicator. This indicator allows for a spatially detailed analysis of the areas within the Rechna Doab with high risk for future salinization and to derive its main causes. Similarly, areas can be identified where soils are at relatively low risk. The results demonstrate that the lower Rechna Doab is at high risk of losing agricultural productivity due to the characteristics of its groundwater table and limited amount of precipitation. The salinization risk model developed in this study offers valuable insights for agricultural policy making and can be valuable for preliminary risk assessment in other regions with irrigated agriculture.
format Article
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institution Kabale University
issn 2730-647X
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publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher Springer
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series Discover Water
spelling doaj-art-be14ee38779a4921bafcc8e5094e8a5b2025-08-20T03:46:29ZengSpringerDiscover Water2730-647X2025-08-015111810.1007/s43832-025-00268-0Assessing the risk of soil salinization in an intensively irrigated area of PakistanZunaira Maab0Wouter Julius Smolenaars1Muhammad Khalid Jamil2Hester Biemans3Water Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University and Research CentreWater Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University and Research CentreWater Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University and Research CentreWater Systems and Global Change, Wageningen University and Research CentreAbstract Agricultural productivity in the Rechna Doab, an important sub-basin of the Indus River in Pakistan, is declining due to high salinity in the soil. The future progression of soil salinization remains uncertain, and it is challenging to identify which areas are most vulnerable to this process. This uncertainty makes it challenging to develop adaptation strategies that target the key causes in the affected areas. In this study, a novel model for salinization risk is presented that is specifically tailored to the context of irrigated agriculture in the Rechna Doab. This model combines several spatial layers of drivers and risk factors to provide a high-resolution Combined Salinization Risk Indicator. This indicator allows for a spatially detailed analysis of the areas within the Rechna Doab with high risk for future salinization and to derive its main causes. Similarly, areas can be identified where soils are at relatively low risk. The results demonstrate that the lower Rechna Doab is at high risk of losing agricultural productivity due to the characteristics of its groundwater table and limited amount of precipitation. The salinization risk model developed in this study offers valuable insights for agricultural policy making and can be valuable for preliminary risk assessment in other regions with irrigated agriculture.https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00268-0SalinizationCRISpatial risk assessmentRechna DoabClimatic conditionsIrrigation methods
spellingShingle Zunaira Maab
Wouter Julius Smolenaars
Muhammad Khalid Jamil
Hester Biemans
Assessing the risk of soil salinization in an intensively irrigated area of Pakistan
Discover Water
Salinization
CRI
Spatial risk assessment
Rechna Doab
Climatic conditions
Irrigation methods
title Assessing the risk of soil salinization in an intensively irrigated area of Pakistan
title_full Assessing the risk of soil salinization in an intensively irrigated area of Pakistan
title_fullStr Assessing the risk of soil salinization in an intensively irrigated area of Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed Assessing the risk of soil salinization in an intensively irrigated area of Pakistan
title_short Assessing the risk of soil salinization in an intensively irrigated area of Pakistan
title_sort assessing the risk of soil salinization in an intensively irrigated area of pakistan
topic Salinization
CRI
Spatial risk assessment
Rechna Doab
Climatic conditions
Irrigation methods
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00268-0
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AT wouterjuliussmolenaars assessingtheriskofsoilsalinizationinanintensivelyirrigatedareaofpakistan
AT muhammadkhalidjamil assessingtheriskofsoilsalinizationinanintensivelyirrigatedareaofpakistan
AT hesterbiemans assessingtheriskofsoilsalinizationinanintensivelyirrigatedareaofpakistan