Wastewater treatment using cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based green filters: A sustainable approach to water purification

Nanocellulose (NC), as a material, is attracting considerable attention due to its renewable nature, anisotropic shape, excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, tailorable surface chemistry and interesting optical properties. In addition is it easy to source in many developing countri...

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Main Authors: M.M. Alam, Md. Johurul Islam, Sumsun Naher, Kenneth T V Grattan, S. Narjim, Claire Heffernan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666893925001628
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author M.M. Alam
Md. Johurul Islam
Sumsun Naher
Kenneth T V Grattan
S. Narjim
Claire Heffernan
author_facet M.M. Alam
Md. Johurul Islam
Sumsun Naher
Kenneth T V Grattan
S. Narjim
Claire Heffernan
author_sort M.M. Alam
collection DOAJ
description Nanocellulose (NC), as a material, is attracting considerable attention due to its renewable nature, anisotropic shape, excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, tailorable surface chemistry and interesting optical properties. In addition is it easy to source in many developing countries and is inexpensive, as it is often simply considered as a waste product from banana production. In this study, banana fibers (BFs) are chemically modified and converted into Cellulose NanoFibers (CNFs), for incorporation into water filters. The properties of the CNFs thus created were then characterized by using several analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a thermal study, to understand them better and thus optimize their properties. The aim in so doing is for the CNFs to be used as the basis for fabricating an innovative and inexpensive design of filter, for water purification, and which can be used locally. The key purpose of the work has been the development of a CNF-based water filter, which was fabricated by using a mixture of locally-sourced kaolin (Bijoypur clay) and CNFs, in a 10:1 wt ratio. The water filters thus fabricated were tested and their performance evaluated by exposure to simulated wastewater, containing a combination of six readily available antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Metronidazole, Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim). This evaluation was enabled by using UV–Visible spectroscopy measurements, before and after filtration. These simple, CNF-based water filters were found to be highly effective in removing the antibiotic solution used on each pass through the filter, showing a figure of merit of 2.7 ± 0.1 per pass. This approach to filter production provides a simple, inexpensive environmentally friendly and locally-sourced solution to the reduction of antibiotics in wastewater, reducing the pollution problems those antibiotics entering the wastewater supply causes.
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spelling doaj-art-bdf8f1bf140248f3b3783c793040aa7f2025-08-20T03:20:58ZengElsevierCarbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications2666-89392025-06-011010082410.1016/j.carpta.2025.100824Wastewater treatment using cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based green filters: A sustainable approach to water purificationM.M. Alam0Md. Johurul Islam1Sumsun Naher2Kenneth T V Grattan3S. Narjim4Claire Heffernan5Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh; Hamdard University Bangladesh, Hamdard Nagar, Gazaria, Munshiganj-1510, Bangladesh; Corresponding authors.Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, BangladeshDepartment of Engineering, City St. George’s, University of London, UK; Corresponding authors.Department of Engineering, City St. George’s, University of London, UKDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, BangladeshLondon International Development Centre, London, UKNanocellulose (NC), as a material, is attracting considerable attention due to its renewable nature, anisotropic shape, excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, tailorable surface chemistry and interesting optical properties. In addition is it easy to source in many developing countries and is inexpensive, as it is often simply considered as a waste product from banana production. In this study, banana fibers (BFs) are chemically modified and converted into Cellulose NanoFibers (CNFs), for incorporation into water filters. The properties of the CNFs thus created were then characterized by using several analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a thermal study, to understand them better and thus optimize their properties. The aim in so doing is for the CNFs to be used as the basis for fabricating an innovative and inexpensive design of filter, for water purification, and which can be used locally. The key purpose of the work has been the development of a CNF-based water filter, which was fabricated by using a mixture of locally-sourced kaolin (Bijoypur clay) and CNFs, in a 10:1 wt ratio. The water filters thus fabricated were tested and their performance evaluated by exposure to simulated wastewater, containing a combination of six readily available antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin, Metronidazole, Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim). This evaluation was enabled by using UV–Visible spectroscopy measurements, before and after filtration. These simple, CNF-based water filters were found to be highly effective in removing the antibiotic solution used on each pass through the filter, showing a figure of merit of 2.7 ± 0.1 per pass. This approach to filter production provides a simple, inexpensive environmentally friendly and locally-sourced solution to the reduction of antibiotics in wastewater, reducing the pollution problems those antibiotics entering the wastewater supply causes.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666893925001628Banana fiberCellulose nano fiberAntibioticsBiodegradableCNF based water filterBijoypur clay
spellingShingle M.M. Alam
Md. Johurul Islam
Sumsun Naher
Kenneth T V Grattan
S. Narjim
Claire Heffernan
Wastewater treatment using cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based green filters: A sustainable approach to water purification
Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications
Banana fiber
Cellulose nano fiber
Antibiotics
Biodegradable
CNF based water filter
Bijoypur clay
title Wastewater treatment using cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based green filters: A sustainable approach to water purification
title_full Wastewater treatment using cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based green filters: A sustainable approach to water purification
title_fullStr Wastewater treatment using cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based green filters: A sustainable approach to water purification
title_full_unstemmed Wastewater treatment using cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based green filters: A sustainable approach to water purification
title_short Wastewater treatment using cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based green filters: A sustainable approach to water purification
title_sort wastewater treatment using cellulose nanofiber cnf based green filters a sustainable approach to water purification
topic Banana fiber
Cellulose nano fiber
Antibiotics
Biodegradable
CNF based water filter
Bijoypur clay
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666893925001628
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AT sumsunnaher wastewatertreatmentusingcellulosenanofibercnfbasedgreenfiltersasustainableapproachtowaterpurification
AT kennethtvgrattan wastewatertreatmentusingcellulosenanofibercnfbasedgreenfiltersasustainableapproachtowaterpurification
AT snarjim wastewatertreatmentusingcellulosenanofibercnfbasedgreenfiltersasustainableapproachtowaterpurification
AT claireheffernan wastewatertreatmentusingcellulosenanofibercnfbasedgreenfiltersasustainableapproachtowaterpurification