The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the i...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Cheng-Yan Li Yueh-Tung Chen Tossapol Moonmanee Jacky Peng-Wen Chan Chien-Kai Wang |
| author_facet | Cheng-Yan Li Yueh-Tung Chen Tossapol Moonmanee Jacky Peng-Wen Chan Chien-Kai Wang |
| author_sort | Cheng-Yan Li |
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| description | The transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the immune capability of peripheral leukocytes. Nutrient supplementation of choline, which improves cellular lipid metabolism and controls lipid oxidation, potentially maintains the integrity of peripheral leukocytes and alleviates the impacts of increased NEFAs. This study investigated the effects of choline on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) treated with high levels of NEFAs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated from dry cows, and treated with 1 mM NEFA in combination with 0, 4, or 12 μM choline. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators was determined. This study demonstrates that 1 mM NEFA induces lipid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBLs. Supplementation with 4 μM and 12 μM choline significantly reduced NEFA-induced lipid oxidation; however, it did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. In conclusion, choline supplementation may help alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative stress in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, highlighting its potential as a functional supplement during the transition period. However, it had no observable effect on mitigating pro-inflammatory responses, indicating that additional strategies may be needed to address NEFA-induced immune activation. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-bdf4bb6167dd4b078a887ea107e507a52025-08-20T03:32:28ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152025-06-011512181410.3390/ani15121814The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood LeukocytesCheng-Yan Li0Yueh-Tung Chen1Tossapol Moonmanee2Jacky Peng-Wen Chan3Chien-Kai Wang4Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, TaiwanDepartment of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, TaiwanDepartment of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, TaiwanDepartment of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, TaiwanThe transition period is defined as 3 weeks around parturition, involving the rapid increase in the energy demand, promoting adipose mobilization and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release. High NEFA levels might cause oxidative stress and associated health risks, including the disruption of the immune capability of peripheral leukocytes. Nutrient supplementation of choline, which improves cellular lipid metabolism and controls lipid oxidation, potentially maintains the integrity of peripheral leukocytes and alleviates the impacts of increased NEFAs. This study investigated the effects of choline on bovine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) treated with high levels of NEFAs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were isolated from dry cows, and treated with 1 mM NEFA in combination with 0, 4, or 12 μM choline. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators was determined. This study demonstrates that 1 mM NEFA induces lipid oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PBLs. Supplementation with 4 μM and 12 μM choline significantly reduced NEFA-induced lipid oxidation; however, it did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. In conclusion, choline supplementation may help alleviate NEFA-induced oxidative stress in bovine peripheral blood leukocytes, highlighting its potential as a functional supplement during the transition period. However, it had no observable effect on mitigating pro-inflammatory responses, indicating that additional strategies may be needed to address NEFA-induced immune activation.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/12/1814non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)cholineoxidative stressperipheral blood leukocytespro-inflammatorytransition period |
| spellingShingle | Cheng-Yan Li Yueh-Tung Chen Tossapol Moonmanee Jacky Peng-Wen Chan Chien-Kai Wang The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Animals non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) choline oxidative stress peripheral blood leukocytes pro-inflammatory transition period |
| title | The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes |
| title_full | The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes |
| title_fullStr | The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes |
| title_full_unstemmed | The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes |
| title_short | The In Vitro Effects of Choline on Non-Esterified Fatty Acid-Treated Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes |
| title_sort | in vitro effects of choline on non esterified fatty acid treated bovine peripheral blood leukocytes |
| topic | non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) choline oxidative stress peripheral blood leukocytes pro-inflammatory transition period |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/12/1814 |
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