PITX1 as a grading, prognostic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells marker for chondrosarcoma: a public database-based immunoassay and tissue sample analysis
BackgroundChondrosarcoma (CHS) is a rare bone cancer originating from chondrocytes, with high-grade cases associated with high mortality rates. However, the prognostic factors and therapeutic targets for CHS have not been studied.MethodsGraded gene differential analysis was conducted on 97 CHS tissu...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Oncology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1477649/full |
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| author | Zikun Huang Zikun Huang Dongchen Liu Dongchen Liu Dongchen Liu Ying Zhang Ying Zhang Weiqing Lu Weiqing Lu Lan Hu Lan Hu Jinghao Zhang Jinghao Zhang Lei Xie Lei Xie Shubiao Chen Shubiao Chen Shubiao Chen |
| author_facet | Zikun Huang Zikun Huang Dongchen Liu Dongchen Liu Dongchen Liu Ying Zhang Ying Zhang Weiqing Lu Weiqing Lu Lan Hu Lan Hu Jinghao Zhang Jinghao Zhang Lei Xie Lei Xie Shubiao Chen Shubiao Chen Shubiao Chen |
| author_sort | Zikun Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundChondrosarcoma (CHS) is a rare bone cancer originating from chondrocytes, with high-grade cases associated with high mortality rates. However, the prognostic factors and therapeutic targets for CHS have not been studied.MethodsGraded gene differential analysis was conducted on 97 CHS tissues to identify genes associated with CHS grading. Additionally, we performed GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs), as well as GSEA analysis, differential expression analysis, survival analysis, and univariable and multifactorial COX analysis of paired-like homology structural domain transcription factor 1 (PITX1). Furthermore, our findings investigated the relationship between tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) in CHS tumors using CIBERSORT to calculate proportions and differences. Our findings also explored the associations among gene expression patterns, survival prognosis, TICs, and immune checkpoints across various cancer types. Finally, immunohistochemical staining was carried out on self-collected clinical samples to assess PITX1 expression levels and correlate them with clinical information.ResultsGene differential expression analysis revealed a strong correlation between PITX1 expression and tumor grade. GO, KEGG enrichment, and GSEA analysis demonstrated the association of PITX1 with cell proliferation-related processes, such as cell cycle regulation and mitosis, and differentiation-related processes, such as RNA processing. PITX1 expression was associated with tumor stage and survival outcomes. Immunoassay indicated a positive correlation between PITX1 levels and TICs, immune checkpoints, and graded TICs. Pan-cancer analysis confirmed the differential expression of the PITX1 gene across multiple cancers, impacting survival prognosis, TIC patterns, and immune checkpoint regulation. Lastly, our 75 collection of clinical patient tissue samples exhibited varying levels of PITX1 expression across different cancer grades while also demonstrating a significant association with tumor differentiation and metastasis.ConclusionPITX1 is a novel biomarker for distinguishing between high-grade and low-grade CHS, serving as a prognostic indicator for patients with this condition and presenting a promising target for immunotherapy. These findings offer innovative insights into the treatment of CHS. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bdeb89b385544d0e985e19d75f304445 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2234-943X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Oncology |
| spelling | doaj-art-bdeb89b385544d0e985e19d75f3044452025-08-20T02:18:28ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Oncology2234-943X2025-04-011510.3389/fonc.2025.14776491477649PITX1 as a grading, prognostic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells marker for chondrosarcoma: a public database-based immunoassay and tissue sample analysisZikun Huang0Zikun Huang1Dongchen Liu2Dongchen Liu3Dongchen Liu4Ying Zhang5Ying Zhang6Weiqing Lu7Weiqing Lu8Lan Hu9Lan Hu10Jinghao Zhang11Jinghao Zhang12Lei Xie13Lei Xie14Shubiao Chen15Shubiao Chen16Shubiao Chen17Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, ChinaDepartment of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaClinical Research Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaClinical Research Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, ChinaDepartment of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, ChinaSport Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, ChinaSport Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, ChinaDepartment of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, ChinaBackgroundChondrosarcoma (CHS) is a rare bone cancer originating from chondrocytes, with high-grade cases associated with high mortality rates. However, the prognostic factors and therapeutic targets for CHS have not been studied.MethodsGraded gene differential analysis was conducted on 97 CHS tissues to identify genes associated with CHS grading. Additionally, we performed GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs), as well as GSEA analysis, differential expression analysis, survival analysis, and univariable and multifactorial COX analysis of paired-like homology structural domain transcription factor 1 (PITX1). Furthermore, our findings investigated the relationship between tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) in CHS tumors using CIBERSORT to calculate proportions and differences. Our findings also explored the associations among gene expression patterns, survival prognosis, TICs, and immune checkpoints across various cancer types. Finally, immunohistochemical staining was carried out on self-collected clinical samples to assess PITX1 expression levels and correlate them with clinical information.ResultsGene differential expression analysis revealed a strong correlation between PITX1 expression and tumor grade. GO, KEGG enrichment, and GSEA analysis demonstrated the association of PITX1 with cell proliferation-related processes, such as cell cycle regulation and mitosis, and differentiation-related processes, such as RNA processing. PITX1 expression was associated with tumor stage and survival outcomes. Immunoassay indicated a positive correlation between PITX1 levels and TICs, immune checkpoints, and graded TICs. Pan-cancer analysis confirmed the differential expression of the PITX1 gene across multiple cancers, impacting survival prognosis, TIC patterns, and immune checkpoint regulation. Lastly, our 75 collection of clinical patient tissue samples exhibited varying levels of PITX1 expression across different cancer grades while also demonstrating a significant association with tumor differentiation and metastasis.ConclusionPITX1 is a novel biomarker for distinguishing between high-grade and low-grade CHS, serving as a prognostic indicator for patients with this condition and presenting a promising target for immunotherapy. These findings offer innovative insights into the treatment of CHS.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1477649/fulltumor gradePITX1chondrosarcoma (CHS)tumor-infiltrating immune cell (TIC)immune targets |
| spellingShingle | Zikun Huang Zikun Huang Dongchen Liu Dongchen Liu Dongchen Liu Ying Zhang Ying Zhang Weiqing Lu Weiqing Lu Lan Hu Lan Hu Jinghao Zhang Jinghao Zhang Lei Xie Lei Xie Shubiao Chen Shubiao Chen Shubiao Chen PITX1 as a grading, prognostic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells marker for chondrosarcoma: a public database-based immunoassay and tissue sample analysis Frontiers in Oncology tumor grade PITX1 chondrosarcoma (CHS) tumor-infiltrating immune cell (TIC) immune targets |
| title | PITX1 as a grading, prognostic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells marker for chondrosarcoma: a public database-based immunoassay and tissue sample analysis |
| title_full | PITX1 as a grading, prognostic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells marker for chondrosarcoma: a public database-based immunoassay and tissue sample analysis |
| title_fullStr | PITX1 as a grading, prognostic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells marker for chondrosarcoma: a public database-based immunoassay and tissue sample analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | PITX1 as a grading, prognostic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells marker for chondrosarcoma: a public database-based immunoassay and tissue sample analysis |
| title_short | PITX1 as a grading, prognostic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells marker for chondrosarcoma: a public database-based immunoassay and tissue sample analysis |
| title_sort | pitx1 as a grading prognostic and tumor infiltrating immune cells marker for chondrosarcoma a public database based immunoassay and tissue sample analysis |
| topic | tumor grade PITX1 chondrosarcoma (CHS) tumor-infiltrating immune cell (TIC) immune targets |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1477649/full |
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