Subrelativistic Outflow and Hours-timescale Large-amplitude X-Ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lri
We present the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2022lri, hosted in a nearby (≈144 Mpc) quiescent galaxy with a low-mass massive black hole (10 ^4 M _⊙ < M _BH < 10 ^6 M _⊙ ). AT2022lri belongs to the TDE-H+He subtype. More than 1 Ms of X-ray data were collected with NICER, Swift, and XMM-Newton...
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| author | Yuhan Yao Muryel Guolo Francesco Tombesi Ruancun Li Suvi Gezari Javier A. García Lixin Dai Ryan Chornock Wenbin Lu S. R. Kulkarni Keith C. Gendreau Dheeraj R. Pasham S. Bradley Cenko Erin Kara Raffaella Margutti Yukta Ajay Thomas Wevers Tom M. Kwan Igor Andreoni Joshua S. Bloom Andrew J. Drake Matthew J. Graham Erica Hammerstein Russ R. Laher Natalie LeBaron Ashish A. Mahabal Brendan O’Connor Josiah Purdum Vikram Ravi Huei Sears Yashvi Sharma Roger Smith Jesper Sollerman Jean J. Somalwar Avery Wold |
| author_facet | Yuhan Yao Muryel Guolo Francesco Tombesi Ruancun Li Suvi Gezari Javier A. García Lixin Dai Ryan Chornock Wenbin Lu S. R. Kulkarni Keith C. Gendreau Dheeraj R. Pasham S. Bradley Cenko Erin Kara Raffaella Margutti Yukta Ajay Thomas Wevers Tom M. Kwan Igor Andreoni Joshua S. Bloom Andrew J. Drake Matthew J. Graham Erica Hammerstein Russ R. Laher Natalie LeBaron Ashish A. Mahabal Brendan O’Connor Josiah Purdum Vikram Ravi Huei Sears Yashvi Sharma Roger Smith Jesper Sollerman Jean J. Somalwar Avery Wold |
| author_sort | Yuhan Yao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2022lri, hosted in a nearby (≈144 Mpc) quiescent galaxy with a low-mass massive black hole (10 ^4 M _⊙ < M _BH < 10 ^6 M _⊙ ). AT2022lri belongs to the TDE-H+He subtype. More than 1 Ms of X-ray data were collected with NICER, Swift, and XMM-Newton from 187 to 672 days after peak. The X-ray luminosity gradually declined from 1.5 × 10 ^44 erg s ^−1 to 1.5 × 10 ^43 erg s ^−1 and remains much above the UV and optical luminosity, consistent with a super-Eddington accretion flow viewed face-on. Sporadic strong X-ray dips atop a long-term decline are observed, with a variability timescale of ≈0.5 hr–1 days and amplitude of ≈2–8. When fitted with simple continuum models, the X-ray spectrum is dominated by a thermal disk component with inner temperature going from ∼146 to ∼86 eV. However, there are residual features that peak around 1 keV, which, in some cases, cannot be reproduced by a single broad emission line. We analyzed a subset of time-resolved spectra with two physically motivated models describing a scenario either where ionized absorbers contribute extra absorption and emission lines or where disk reflection plays an important role. Both models provide good and statistically comparable fits, show that the X-ray dips are correlated with drops in the inner disk temperature, and require the existence of subrelativistic (0.1–0.3 c ) ionized outflows. We propose that the disk temperature fluctuation stems from episodic drops of the mass accretion rate triggered by magnetic instabilities or/and wobbling of the inner accretion disk along the black hole’s spin axis. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-bd742daf9544494ca0743fcb223f90752025-08-20T02:14:11ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572024-01-0197613410.3847/1538-4357/ad7d93Subrelativistic Outflow and Hours-timescale Large-amplitude X-Ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lriYuhan Yao0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6747-8509Muryel Guolo1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5063-0751Francesco Tombesi2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-8654Ruancun Li3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8496-4162Suvi Gezari4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3703-5154Javier A. García5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-2448Lixin Dai6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9589-5235Ryan Chornock7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7706-5668Wenbin Lu8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1568-7461S. R. Kulkarni9https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-8563Keith C. Gendreau10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-2819Dheeraj R. Pasham11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1386-7861S. Bradley Cenko12https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1673-970XErin Kara13https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0172-0854Raffaella Margutti14https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-7586Yukta Ajay15https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8764-9062Thomas Wevers16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4043-9400Tom M. Kwan17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0509-2541Igor Andreoni18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8977-1498Joshua S. Bloom19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7777-216XAndrew J. Drake20https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-6594Matthew J. Graham21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-0139Erica Hammerstein22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5698-8703Russ R. Laher23https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2451-5482Natalie LeBaron24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2249-0595Ashish A. Mahabal25https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2242-0244Brendan O’Connor26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9700-0036Josiah Purdum27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1227-3738Vikram Ravi28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7252-5485Huei Sears29https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8023-4912Yashvi Sharma30https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-1745Roger Smith31https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7062-9726Jesper Sollerman32https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1546-6615Jean J. Somalwar33https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8426-5732Avery Wold34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9998-6732Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science , 468 Donner Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA ; yuhanyao@berkeley.edu; Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAPhysics Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; INAF—Astronomical Observatory of Rome , Via Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy; INFN—Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, ItalyKavli Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics and Department of Astronomy, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USAAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USADepartment of Physics, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong KongDepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Theoretical Astrophysics Center, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USACahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAKavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USAAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USAKavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , 366 Physics North MC 7300, Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Physics, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong KongAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 50B-4206, Berkeley, CA 94720, USACahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USACahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USAIPAC, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USACahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Center for Data Driven Discovery, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USAMcWilliams Center for Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USACaltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USACahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USACenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60202, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USACahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USACaltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USAThe Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, SE-10691, Stockholm, SwedenCahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , MC 249-17, 1200 E California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAIPAC, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAWe present the tidal disruption event (TDE) AT2022lri, hosted in a nearby (≈144 Mpc) quiescent galaxy with a low-mass massive black hole (10 ^4 M _⊙ < M _BH < 10 ^6 M _⊙ ). AT2022lri belongs to the TDE-H+He subtype. More than 1 Ms of X-ray data were collected with NICER, Swift, and XMM-Newton from 187 to 672 days after peak. The X-ray luminosity gradually declined from 1.5 × 10 ^44 erg s ^−1 to 1.5 × 10 ^43 erg s ^−1 and remains much above the UV and optical luminosity, consistent with a super-Eddington accretion flow viewed face-on. Sporadic strong X-ray dips atop a long-term decline are observed, with a variability timescale of ≈0.5 hr–1 days and amplitude of ≈2–8. When fitted with simple continuum models, the X-ray spectrum is dominated by a thermal disk component with inner temperature going from ∼146 to ∼86 eV. However, there are residual features that peak around 1 keV, which, in some cases, cannot be reproduced by a single broad emission line. We analyzed a subset of time-resolved spectra with two physically motivated models describing a scenario either where ionized absorbers contribute extra absorption and emission lines or where disk reflection plays an important role. Both models provide good and statistically comparable fits, show that the X-ray dips are correlated with drops in the inner disk temperature, and require the existence of subrelativistic (0.1–0.3 c ) ionized outflows. We propose that the disk temperature fluctuation stems from episodic drops of the mass accretion rate triggered by magnetic instabilities or/and wobbling of the inner accretion disk along the black hole’s spin axis.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7d93Tidal disruptionX-ray transient sourcesSupermassive black holesTime domain astronomyHigh energy astrophysicsAccretion |
| spellingShingle | Yuhan Yao Muryel Guolo Francesco Tombesi Ruancun Li Suvi Gezari Javier A. García Lixin Dai Ryan Chornock Wenbin Lu S. R. Kulkarni Keith C. Gendreau Dheeraj R. Pasham S. Bradley Cenko Erin Kara Raffaella Margutti Yukta Ajay Thomas Wevers Tom M. Kwan Igor Andreoni Joshua S. Bloom Andrew J. Drake Matthew J. Graham Erica Hammerstein Russ R. Laher Natalie LeBaron Ashish A. Mahabal Brendan O’Connor Josiah Purdum Vikram Ravi Huei Sears Yashvi Sharma Roger Smith Jesper Sollerman Jean J. Somalwar Avery Wold Subrelativistic Outflow and Hours-timescale Large-amplitude X-Ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lri The Astrophysical Journal Tidal disruption X-ray transient sources Supermassive black holes Time domain astronomy High energy astrophysics Accretion |
| title | Subrelativistic Outflow and Hours-timescale Large-amplitude X-Ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lri |
| title_full | Subrelativistic Outflow and Hours-timescale Large-amplitude X-Ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lri |
| title_fullStr | Subrelativistic Outflow and Hours-timescale Large-amplitude X-Ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lri |
| title_full_unstemmed | Subrelativistic Outflow and Hours-timescale Large-amplitude X-Ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lri |
| title_short | Subrelativistic Outflow and Hours-timescale Large-amplitude X-Ray Dips during Super-Eddington Accretion onto a Low-mass Massive Black Hole in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2022lri |
| title_sort | subrelativistic outflow and hours timescale large amplitude x ray dips during super eddington accretion onto a low mass massive black hole in the tidal disruption event at2022lri |
| topic | Tidal disruption X-ray transient sources Supermassive black holes Time domain astronomy High energy astrophysics Accretion |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7d93 |
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