Isolation and Mechanistic Investigation of the Efficient Zearalenone-Removing Strain <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25
Zearalenone (ZEN), a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> species, poses a significant threat to both human food safety and animal feed quality. In this study, we isolated a strain, designated as <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25, from a...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Yuting Wu Feina Wu Pan Zhao Yan Gao Mengyao Li Mengjiao Luo Qian Zhou Siyuan Zhou Xinhui Li Yaling Hong Yang Wu Zhaorong Zhou Yang Liu Yandong Xia Lijun Zou Jia Yin |
| author_facet | Yuting Wu Feina Wu Pan Zhao Yan Gao Mengyao Li Mengjiao Luo Qian Zhou Siyuan Zhou Xinhui Li Yaling Hong Yang Wu Zhaorong Zhou Yang Liu Yandong Xia Lijun Zou Jia Yin |
| author_sort | Yuting Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Zearalenone (ZEN), a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> species, poses a significant threat to both human food safety and animal feed quality. In this study, we isolated a strain, designated as <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25, from a contaminated moldy corn sample, demonstrating substantial effectiveness in removing ZEN. Our findings revealed that YJ25’s ZEN removal occurs primarily through cell wall adsorption, with enzymatic degradation representing a potential mechanism. In practical applications, enzymatic degradation may yield metabolites with heightened toxicity. However, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis revealed that ZEN was not converted into α-/β-zearalenol (α-/β-ZEL) or α-/β-zearalanol (α-/β-ZAL) by YJ25, substantiating the safety profile of YJ25 in the removal of ZEN. Our mechanistic investigations revealed that the cell wall components peptidoglycan and teichoic acid serve as the primary binding sites for ZEN adsorption. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis identified O-H, C-H, C=O, and C-O as the principal functional groups participating in the cell wall adsorption process. These investigations establish a scientific foundation for the prospective application of this strain as an efficient biological detoxification agent in food and feed safety management systems. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-bd3ac5d9688b414aaf06fbcaf68544a42025-08-20T03:29:49ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-05-0117626310.3390/toxins17060263Isolation and Mechanistic Investigation of the Efficient Zearalenone-Removing Strain <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25Yuting Wu0Feina Wu1Pan Zhao2Yan Gao3Mengyao Li4Mengjiao Luo5Qian Zhou6Siyuan Zhou7Xinhui Li8Yaling Hong9Yang Wu10Zhaorong Zhou11Yang Liu12Yandong Xia13Lijun Zou14Jia Yin15Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, ChinaLaboratory of Basic Biology, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha 410205, ChinaHunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, ChinaZearalenone (ZEN), a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> species, poses a significant threat to both human food safety and animal feed quality. In this study, we isolated a strain, designated as <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25, from a contaminated moldy corn sample, demonstrating substantial effectiveness in removing ZEN. Our findings revealed that YJ25’s ZEN removal occurs primarily through cell wall adsorption, with enzymatic degradation representing a potential mechanism. In practical applications, enzymatic degradation may yield metabolites with heightened toxicity. However, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis revealed that ZEN was not converted into α-/β-zearalenol (α-/β-ZEL) or α-/β-zearalanol (α-/β-ZAL) by YJ25, substantiating the safety profile of YJ25 in the removal of ZEN. Our mechanistic investigations revealed that the cell wall components peptidoglycan and teichoic acid serve as the primary binding sites for ZEN adsorption. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis identified O-H, C-H, C=O, and C-O as the principal functional groups participating in the cell wall adsorption process. These investigations establish a scientific foundation for the prospective application of this strain as an efficient biological detoxification agent in food and feed safety management systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/6/263Zearalenone<i>Bacillus licheniformis</i>peptidoglycanteichoic acid |
| spellingShingle | Yuting Wu Feina Wu Pan Zhao Yan Gao Mengyao Li Mengjiao Luo Qian Zhou Siyuan Zhou Xinhui Li Yaling Hong Yang Wu Zhaorong Zhou Yang Liu Yandong Xia Lijun Zou Jia Yin Isolation and Mechanistic Investigation of the Efficient Zearalenone-Removing Strain <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25 Toxins Zearalenone <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> peptidoglycan teichoic acid |
| title | Isolation and Mechanistic Investigation of the Efficient Zearalenone-Removing Strain <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25 |
| title_full | Isolation and Mechanistic Investigation of the Efficient Zearalenone-Removing Strain <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25 |
| title_fullStr | Isolation and Mechanistic Investigation of the Efficient Zearalenone-Removing Strain <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Isolation and Mechanistic Investigation of the Efficient Zearalenone-Removing Strain <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25 |
| title_short | Isolation and Mechanistic Investigation of the Efficient Zearalenone-Removing Strain <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> YJ25 |
| title_sort | isolation and mechanistic investigation of the efficient zearalenone removing strain i bacillus licheniformis i yj25 |
| topic | Zearalenone <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> peptidoglycan teichoic acid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/6/263 |
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