Exploring cosmological implications of the modified Raychaudhuri equation in non-gravitating vacuum energy theory
Abstract This article investigates the modified Raychaudhuri Equation (RE) in the context of Non-Gravitating Vacuum Energy (NGVE) theory and its implications for various cosmological characteristics. The equation is formulated based on the NGVE framework, in which global scale invariance generates a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2025-05-01
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| Series: | European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14309-4 |
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| author | Arijit Panda Eduardo Guendelman Goutam Manna |
| author_facet | Arijit Panda Eduardo Guendelman Goutam Manna |
| author_sort | Arijit Panda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This article investigates the modified Raychaudhuri Equation (RE) in the context of Non-Gravitating Vacuum Energy (NGVE) theory and its implications for various cosmological characteristics. The equation is formulated based on the NGVE framework, in which global scale invariance generates a unique geometry. The newly developed geometry introduces a metric that is conformally connected to the conventional metric, with the conformal factor dependent on scalar field potentials. The cosmological study is carried out under the framework of a flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) universe. Assuming matter behaves as an ideal fluid in the modified geometry, we formulate models for conditional expansion, collapse, and steady state, governed by the scalar field $$(\phi )$$ ( ϕ ) . In this context, the caustic solution and the focusing theorem are also studied. Scalar field solutions for exponential and power-law scale factors are also derived using NGVE theory’s equations of motion. Finally, graphical analysis is used to investigate the behavior of the interaction terms that appear in the modified RE under these scale factors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bd32efa99a4f43f6825c2095e7505e6b |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1434-6052 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields |
| spelling | doaj-art-bd32efa99a4f43f6825c2095e7505e6b2025-08-20T03:22:13ZengSpringerOpenEuropean Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields1434-60522025-05-0185511810.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14309-4Exploring cosmological implications of the modified Raychaudhuri equation in non-gravitating vacuum energy theoryArijit Panda0Eduardo Guendelman1Goutam Manna2Department of Physics, Prabhat Kumar CollegeDepartment of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevDepartment of Physics, Prabhat Kumar CollegeAbstract This article investigates the modified Raychaudhuri Equation (RE) in the context of Non-Gravitating Vacuum Energy (NGVE) theory and its implications for various cosmological characteristics. The equation is formulated based on the NGVE framework, in which global scale invariance generates a unique geometry. The newly developed geometry introduces a metric that is conformally connected to the conventional metric, with the conformal factor dependent on scalar field potentials. The cosmological study is carried out under the framework of a flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) universe. Assuming matter behaves as an ideal fluid in the modified geometry, we formulate models for conditional expansion, collapse, and steady state, governed by the scalar field $$(\phi )$$ ( ϕ ) . In this context, the caustic solution and the focusing theorem are also studied. Scalar field solutions for exponential and power-law scale factors are also derived using NGVE theory’s equations of motion. Finally, graphical analysis is used to investigate the behavior of the interaction terms that appear in the modified RE under these scale factors.https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14309-4 |
| spellingShingle | Arijit Panda Eduardo Guendelman Goutam Manna Exploring cosmological implications of the modified Raychaudhuri equation in non-gravitating vacuum energy theory European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields |
| title | Exploring cosmological implications of the modified Raychaudhuri equation in non-gravitating vacuum energy theory |
| title_full | Exploring cosmological implications of the modified Raychaudhuri equation in non-gravitating vacuum energy theory |
| title_fullStr | Exploring cosmological implications of the modified Raychaudhuri equation in non-gravitating vacuum energy theory |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring cosmological implications of the modified Raychaudhuri equation in non-gravitating vacuum energy theory |
| title_short | Exploring cosmological implications of the modified Raychaudhuri equation in non-gravitating vacuum energy theory |
| title_sort | exploring cosmological implications of the modified raychaudhuri equation in non gravitating vacuum energy theory |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14309-4 |
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