Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breast cancer risk: Evidence from the French E3N-Generations prospective cohort

Background: While there is compelling evidence of the association between occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and risk of breast cancer (BC), findings on PAH dietary exposure are less consistent. The present study aims to evaluate the association between PAH dietary inta...

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Main Authors: Amina Amadou, Delphine Praud, Chloé Marques, Hwayoung Noh, Pauline Frenoy, Arnaud Vigneron, Thomas Coudon, Floriane Deygas, Gianluca Severi, Béatrice Fervers, Francesca Romana Mancini
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Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Environment International
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025002569
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author Amina Amadou
Delphine Praud
Chloé Marques
Hwayoung Noh
Pauline Frenoy
Arnaud Vigneron
Thomas Coudon
Floriane Deygas
Gianluca Severi
Béatrice Fervers
Francesca Romana Mancini
author_facet Amina Amadou
Delphine Praud
Chloé Marques
Hwayoung Noh
Pauline Frenoy
Arnaud Vigneron
Thomas Coudon
Floriane Deygas
Gianluca Severi
Béatrice Fervers
Francesca Romana Mancini
author_sort Amina Amadou
collection DOAJ
description Background: While there is compelling evidence of the association between occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and risk of breast cancer (BC), findings on PAH dietary exposure are less consistent. The present study aims to evaluate the association between PAH dietary intake and BC risk. Methods: The study included 67,879 women who completed a validated semi-quantitative dietary questionnaire (208 food items) from the E3N-Generations cohort study. PAH dietary intake was estimated by combining E3N food consumption data with food contamination levels obtained from the second French total diet study (TDS2). Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between PAH dietary intake (sum of four PAHs (PAH4) namely benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), chrysene (CHR), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF)) and BC risk. Additionally, BaP, a surrogate for total PAHs, was investigated as the second exposure variable. Results: After an average follow-up of 17.6 years, 5,686 incident BC were diagnosed. Overall, the estimated HRs for the associations between each quintile of PAH4 and BC risk, taking the first quintile as reference, were all greater than 1, but were statistically significant only for the third quintile (HRQ3 vs Q1 = 1.10; CI: 1.01–1.20). By estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) hormone receptor status, we observed a positive association between PAH4 dietary intake and ER-PR- BC (HRQ4 vs Q1 = 1.34; CI: 1.01–1.76). Moreover, there was a borderline positive association with BaP, for the second (HRQ2 vs Q1 = 1.08; CI: 0.99–1.17) and third (HRQ3 vs Q1 = 1.07; CI: 0.98–1.16) quintiles. Conclusions: This study supports a relationship between PAH4 dietary intake and BC risk, notably with a non-linear trend. A positive but marginal association was observed between BaP dietary intake and BC risk.
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spelling doaj-art-bd32ee9901d340cfa8b4e8867611393c2025-08-20T02:02:51ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202025-06-0120010950510.1016/j.envint.2025.109505Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breast cancer risk: Evidence from the French E3N-Generations prospective cohortAmina Amadou0Delphine Praud1Chloé Marques2Hwayoung Noh3Pauline Frenoy4Arnaud Vigneron5Thomas Coudon6Floriane Deygas7Gianluca Severi8Béatrice Fervers9Francesca Romana Mancini10Department of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, “Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment”, Lyon, France; Corresponding author at: Département Prévention Cancer Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard - Inserm U1296 Radiations : Défense, Santé, Environnement 28 rue Laënnec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.Department of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, FranceUniversité Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Villejuif, FranceDepartment of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, FranceUniversité Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Villejuif, FranceCentre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 69008 Lyon, FranceDepartment of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, “Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment”, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, “Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment”, Lyon, FranceUniversité Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Villejuif, France; Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (DISIA), University of Florence, Florence, ItalyDepartment of Prevention, Cancer and Environment, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Inserm U1296, “Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment”, Lyon, FranceUniversité Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, CESP, Villejuif, FranceBackground: While there is compelling evidence of the association between occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and risk of breast cancer (BC), findings on PAH dietary exposure are less consistent. The present study aims to evaluate the association between PAH dietary intake and BC risk. Methods: The study included 67,879 women who completed a validated semi-quantitative dietary questionnaire (208 food items) from the E3N-Generations cohort study. PAH dietary intake was estimated by combining E3N food consumption data with food contamination levels obtained from the second French total diet study (TDS2). Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between PAH dietary intake (sum of four PAHs (PAH4) namely benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), chrysene (CHR), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF)) and BC risk. Additionally, BaP, a surrogate for total PAHs, was investigated as the second exposure variable. Results: After an average follow-up of 17.6 years, 5,686 incident BC were diagnosed. Overall, the estimated HRs for the associations between each quintile of PAH4 and BC risk, taking the first quintile as reference, were all greater than 1, but were statistically significant only for the third quintile (HRQ3 vs Q1 = 1.10; CI: 1.01–1.20). By estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) hormone receptor status, we observed a positive association between PAH4 dietary intake and ER-PR- BC (HRQ4 vs Q1 = 1.34; CI: 1.01–1.76). Moreover, there was a borderline positive association with BaP, for the second (HRQ2 vs Q1 = 1.08; CI: 0.99–1.17) and third (HRQ3 vs Q1 = 1.07; CI: 0.98–1.16) quintiles. Conclusions: This study supports a relationship between PAH4 dietary intake and BC risk, notably with a non-linear trend. A positive but marginal association was observed between BaP dietary intake and BC risk.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025002569Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)Dietary exposureBreast cancerHormone receptor statusProspective cohort
spellingShingle Amina Amadou
Delphine Praud
Chloé Marques
Hwayoung Noh
Pauline Frenoy
Arnaud Vigneron
Thomas Coudon
Floriane Deygas
Gianluca Severi
Béatrice Fervers
Francesca Romana Mancini
Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breast cancer risk: Evidence from the French E3N-Generations prospective cohort
Environment International
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)
Dietary exposure
Breast cancer
Hormone receptor status
Prospective cohort
title Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breast cancer risk: Evidence from the French E3N-Generations prospective cohort
title_full Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breast cancer risk: Evidence from the French E3N-Generations prospective cohort
title_fullStr Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breast cancer risk: Evidence from the French E3N-Generations prospective cohort
title_full_unstemmed Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breast cancer risk: Evidence from the French E3N-Generations prospective cohort
title_short Dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and breast cancer risk: Evidence from the French E3N-Generations prospective cohort
title_sort dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs and breast cancer risk evidence from the french e3n generations prospective cohort
topic Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)
Dietary exposure
Breast cancer
Hormone receptor status
Prospective cohort
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025002569
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