FPGA-Based Synchronization of Frequency-Domain Interferometer for QKD
In this article, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel synchronization method for quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. The method consists of maximizing the visibility of frequency-domain interference of optical sidebands about an optical carrier at the receiver node. The sidebands ar...
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10769019/ |
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| author | Nishanth Chandra Pradeep Kumar Krishnamurthy |
| author_facet | Nishanth Chandra Pradeep Kumar Krishnamurthy |
| author_sort | Nishanth Chandra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this article, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel synchronization method for quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. The method consists of maximizing the visibility of frequency-domain interference of optical sidebands about an optical carrier at the receiver node. The sidebands are generated by phase modulation of the optical carrier by an radio-frequency (RF) signal whose phase can be dynamically varied. The phase-variable RF signal is generated by the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) at the transmitter and the receiver using GTX transceivers. In order to facilitate this, we use square waveforms for RF signal instead of the conventional sinusoidal signals. We derive mathematical expressions for sideband power as a function of the phase difference between RF signals at transmitter and receiver. The phase is adjusted using dynamic phase shifter module, implemented by the FPGA. We propose a complete workflow that allows transmitter and receiver synchronization to within 12.6 ps directly over the quantum channel of QKD systems. Once synchronized, the same system can be switched over to quantum transmission by user-defined time delay. The workflow was implemented on a Xilinx Kintex-7 KC705 FPGA board. We studied the robustness of our technique by evaluating the stability of the interferometer over an operation of 10 min with standard deviation of interference to be less than 9% of the mean detection amplitude. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bd253a581e1f4ba082840d0b87fb1cee |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2689-1808 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
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| series | IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-bd253a581e1f4ba082840d0b87fb1cee2025-08-20T01:58:20ZengIEEEIEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering2689-18082025-01-01611010.1109/TQE.2024.350715510769019FPGA-Based Synchronization of Frequency-Domain Interferometer for QKDNishanth Chandra0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3406-1632Pradeep Kumar Krishnamurthy1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-7753Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, IndiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, IndiaIn this article, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel synchronization method for quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. The method consists of maximizing the visibility of frequency-domain interference of optical sidebands about an optical carrier at the receiver node. The sidebands are generated by phase modulation of the optical carrier by an radio-frequency (RF) signal whose phase can be dynamically varied. The phase-variable RF signal is generated by the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) at the transmitter and the receiver using GTX transceivers. In order to facilitate this, we use square waveforms for RF signal instead of the conventional sinusoidal signals. We derive mathematical expressions for sideband power as a function of the phase difference between RF signals at transmitter and receiver. The phase is adjusted using dynamic phase shifter module, implemented by the FPGA. We propose a complete workflow that allows transmitter and receiver synchronization to within 12.6 ps directly over the quantum channel of QKD systems. Once synchronized, the same system can be switched over to quantum transmission by user-defined time delay. The workflow was implemented on a Xilinx Kintex-7 KC705 FPGA board. We studied the robustness of our technique by evaluating the stability of the interferometer over an operation of 10 min with standard deviation of interference to be less than 9% of the mean detection amplitude.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10769019/Clock synchronizationfield-programmable gate array (FPGA)frequency-coded quantum key distribution (FC-QKD)GTX transceiverquantum communicationquantum cryptography |
| spellingShingle | Nishanth Chandra Pradeep Kumar Krishnamurthy FPGA-Based Synchronization of Frequency-Domain Interferometer for QKD IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering Clock synchronization field-programmable gate array (FPGA) frequency-coded quantum key distribution (FC-QKD) GTX transceiver quantum communication quantum cryptography |
| title | FPGA-Based Synchronization of Frequency-Domain Interferometer for QKD |
| title_full | FPGA-Based Synchronization of Frequency-Domain Interferometer for QKD |
| title_fullStr | FPGA-Based Synchronization of Frequency-Domain Interferometer for QKD |
| title_full_unstemmed | FPGA-Based Synchronization of Frequency-Domain Interferometer for QKD |
| title_short | FPGA-Based Synchronization of Frequency-Domain Interferometer for QKD |
| title_sort | fpga based synchronization of frequency domain interferometer for qkd |
| topic | Clock synchronization field-programmable gate array (FPGA) frequency-coded quantum key distribution (FC-QKD) GTX transceiver quantum communication quantum cryptography |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10769019/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nishanthchandra fpgabasedsynchronizationoffrequencydomaininterferometerforqkd AT pradeepkumarkrishnamurthy fpgabasedsynchronizationoffrequencydomaininterferometerforqkd |