Formulating a Horseradish Extract in Phospholipid Vesicles to Target the Skin

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Horseradish (<i>Armoracia rusticana</i> L.) roots—largely used in traditional medicine for their multiple therapeutic effects—are a rich source of health-promoting phytochemicals. However, their efficacy can be compromised by low chemical stabili...

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Main Authors: Maria De Luca, Luca Casula, Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso, Ramon Pons, Maria del Carmen Morán, María Teresa García, Giuseppe Martelli, Antonio Vassallo, Carla Caddeo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Pharmaceutics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1507
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author Maria De Luca
Luca Casula
Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso
Ramon Pons
Maria del Carmen Morán
María Teresa García
Giuseppe Martelli
Antonio Vassallo
Carla Caddeo
author_facet Maria De Luca
Luca Casula
Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso
Ramon Pons
Maria del Carmen Morán
María Teresa García
Giuseppe Martelli
Antonio Vassallo
Carla Caddeo
author_sort Maria De Luca
collection DOAJ
description <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Horseradish (<i>Armoracia rusticana</i> L.) roots—largely used in traditional medicine for their multiple therapeutic effects—are a rich source of health-promoting phytochemicals. However, their efficacy can be compromised by low chemical stability and poor bioavailability. Incorporation into phospholipid vesicles is often proposed to tackle this problem. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, a hydroalcoholic extract was produced from horseradish roots. The extract was characterized by UPLC-MS and HPLC-PDA and formulated in conventional liposomes and Penetration Enhancer-containing Vesicles (PEVs) for skin application. <b>Results</b>: The obtained nanovesicles were small in size (<100 nm), negatively charged, uni/bilamellar, and with high values of entrapment efficiency (>85%) for the flavonoids identified in the extract. Both the free and the nanoformulated extract showed optimal biocompatibility, measured as the absence of hemolysis of erythrocytes and absence of cytotoxicity in skin cell lines. Furthermore, the nanoformulations displayed antioxidant activity in vitro. <b>Conclusions</b>: The proposed nananoformulations could be exploited to counteract oxidative stress involved in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous skin disorders.
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spelling doaj-art-bcefd64f5b9345e2b0268acdb8bff34c2025-08-20T02:57:21ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232024-11-011612150710.3390/pharmaceutics16121507Formulating a Horseradish Extract in Phospholipid Vesicles to Target the SkinMaria De Luca0Luca Casula1Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso2Ramon Pons3Maria del Carmen Morán4María Teresa García5Giuseppe Martelli6Antonio Vassallo7Carla Caddeo8Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Cagliari, ItalyDepartment of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Biochemistry and Physiology, Physiology Division, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Surfactants and Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Cagliari, Italy<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Horseradish (<i>Armoracia rusticana</i> L.) roots—largely used in traditional medicine for their multiple therapeutic effects—are a rich source of health-promoting phytochemicals. However, their efficacy can be compromised by low chemical stability and poor bioavailability. Incorporation into phospholipid vesicles is often proposed to tackle this problem. <b>Methods</b>: In this study, a hydroalcoholic extract was produced from horseradish roots. The extract was characterized by UPLC-MS and HPLC-PDA and formulated in conventional liposomes and Penetration Enhancer-containing Vesicles (PEVs) for skin application. <b>Results</b>: The obtained nanovesicles were small in size (<100 nm), negatively charged, uni/bilamellar, and with high values of entrapment efficiency (>85%) for the flavonoids identified in the extract. Both the free and the nanoformulated extract showed optimal biocompatibility, measured as the absence of hemolysis of erythrocytes and absence of cytotoxicity in skin cell lines. Furthermore, the nanoformulations displayed antioxidant activity in vitro. <b>Conclusions</b>: The proposed nananoformulations could be exploited to counteract oxidative stress involved in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous skin disorders.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1507horseradish rootextractnanovesiclesskin deliverycytocompatibilityantioxidant
spellingShingle Maria De Luca
Luca Casula
Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso
Ramon Pons
Maria del Carmen Morán
María Teresa García
Giuseppe Martelli
Antonio Vassallo
Carla Caddeo
Formulating a Horseradish Extract in Phospholipid Vesicles to Target the Skin
Pharmaceutics
horseradish root
extract
nanovesicles
skin delivery
cytocompatibility
antioxidant
title Formulating a Horseradish Extract in Phospholipid Vesicles to Target the Skin
title_full Formulating a Horseradish Extract in Phospholipid Vesicles to Target the Skin
title_fullStr Formulating a Horseradish Extract in Phospholipid Vesicles to Target the Skin
title_full_unstemmed Formulating a Horseradish Extract in Phospholipid Vesicles to Target the Skin
title_short Formulating a Horseradish Extract in Phospholipid Vesicles to Target the Skin
title_sort formulating a horseradish extract in phospholipid vesicles to target the skin
topic horseradish root
extract
nanovesicles
skin delivery
cytocompatibility
antioxidant
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1507
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