High-Fidelity Lumped-Parameter Thermal Models for Assessing Cooling Techniques of PMSMs in EV Applications
This paper presents a high-fidelity lumped-parameter (LP) thermal model (HF-LPTM) for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) in electric vehicle (EV) applications, where various cooling techniques are considered, including frame forced air/liquid cooling, oil jet cooling for end-winding, and...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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China Electrotechnical Society
2025-03-01
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| Series: | CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10857835 |
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| author | Dawei Liang Zi Qiang Zhu Ankan Dey |
| author_facet | Dawei Liang Zi Qiang Zhu Ankan Dey |
| author_sort | Dawei Liang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents a high-fidelity lumped-parameter (LP) thermal model (HF-LPTM) for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) in electric vehicle (EV) applications, where various cooling techniques are considered, including frame forced air/liquid cooling, oil jet cooling for end-winding, and rotor shaft cooling. To address the temperature misestimation in the LP thermal modelling due to assumptions of concentrated loss input and uniform heat flows, the developed HF-LPTM introduces two compensation thermal resistances for the winding and PM components, which are analytically derived from the multidimensional heat transfer equations and are robust against different load/thermal conditions. As validated by the finite element analysis method and experiments, the conventional LPTMs exhibit significant winding temperature deviations, while the proposed HF-LPTM can accurately predict both the midpoint and average temperatures. The developed HF-LPTM is further used to assess the effectiveness of various cooling techniques under different scenarios, i.e., steady-state thermal states under the rated load condition, and transient temperature profiles under city, freeway, and hybrid (city + freeway) driving cycles. Results indicate that no single cooling technique can maintain both winding and PM temperatures within safety limits. The combination of frame liquid cooling and oil jet cooling for end winding can sufficiently mitigate PMSM thermal stress in EV applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bce8ce85b15e454f803bfbc86b9286b9 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2096-3564 2837-0325 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | China Electrotechnical Society |
| record_format | Article |
| series | CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems |
| spelling | doaj-art-bce8ce85b15e454f803bfbc86b9286b92025-08-20T01:51:23ZengChina Electrotechnical SocietyCES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems2096-35642837-03252025-03-019111410.30941/CESTEMS.2025.00001High-Fidelity Lumped-Parameter Thermal Models for Assessing Cooling Techniques of PMSMs in EV ApplicationsDawei Liang0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-9810Zi Qiang Zhu1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7175-3307Ankan Dey2School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sheffieldthe School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sheffieldthe School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of SheffieldThis paper presents a high-fidelity lumped-parameter (LP) thermal model (HF-LPTM) for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) in electric vehicle (EV) applications, where various cooling techniques are considered, including frame forced air/liquid cooling, oil jet cooling for end-winding, and rotor shaft cooling. To address the temperature misestimation in the LP thermal modelling due to assumptions of concentrated loss input and uniform heat flows, the developed HF-LPTM introduces two compensation thermal resistances for the winding and PM components, which are analytically derived from the multidimensional heat transfer equations and are robust against different load/thermal conditions. As validated by the finite element analysis method and experiments, the conventional LPTMs exhibit significant winding temperature deviations, while the proposed HF-LPTM can accurately predict both the midpoint and average temperatures. The developed HF-LPTM is further used to assess the effectiveness of various cooling techniques under different scenarios, i.e., steady-state thermal states under the rated load condition, and transient temperature profiles under city, freeway, and hybrid (city + freeway) driving cycles. Results indicate that no single cooling technique can maintain both winding and PM temperatures within safety limits. The combination of frame liquid cooling and oil jet cooling for end winding can sufficiently mitigate PMSM thermal stress in EV applications.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10857835cooling techniqueselectric vehiclelumped-parameter thermal modelpermanent magnet synchronous machinesthermal analysisthermal management |
| spellingShingle | Dawei Liang Zi Qiang Zhu Ankan Dey High-Fidelity Lumped-Parameter Thermal Models for Assessing Cooling Techniques of PMSMs in EV Applications CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems cooling techniques electric vehicle lumped-parameter thermal model permanent magnet synchronous machines thermal analysis thermal management |
| title | High-Fidelity Lumped-Parameter Thermal Models for Assessing Cooling Techniques of PMSMs in EV Applications |
| title_full | High-Fidelity Lumped-Parameter Thermal Models for Assessing Cooling Techniques of PMSMs in EV Applications |
| title_fullStr | High-Fidelity Lumped-Parameter Thermal Models for Assessing Cooling Techniques of PMSMs in EV Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | High-Fidelity Lumped-Parameter Thermal Models for Assessing Cooling Techniques of PMSMs in EV Applications |
| title_short | High-Fidelity Lumped-Parameter Thermal Models for Assessing Cooling Techniques of PMSMs in EV Applications |
| title_sort | high fidelity lumped parameter thermal models for assessing cooling techniques of pmsms in ev applications |
| topic | cooling techniques electric vehicle lumped-parameter thermal model permanent magnet synchronous machines thermal analysis thermal management |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10857835 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT daweiliang highfidelitylumpedparameterthermalmodelsforassessingcoolingtechniquesofpmsmsinevapplications AT ziqiangzhu highfidelitylumpedparameterthermalmodelsforassessingcoolingtechniquesofpmsmsinevapplications AT ankandey highfidelitylumpedparameterthermalmodelsforassessingcoolingtechniquesofpmsmsinevapplications |