Spatial effects of human activities on multi-subsurface soil organic carbon during the last 20 years in Shaanxi Province, China

Soil organic carbon (SOC), as a crucial carbon reservoir and a key component of ecosystems, plays an essential role in mitigating global climate warming driven by carbon emissions from human activities. In this study, we developed the Human Activity Intensity (HAI) index, which integrates factors su...

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Main Authors: Yujie Zhou, Yiheng Zhang, Wanying Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Ecological Indicators
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25005333
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author Yujie Zhou
Yiheng Zhang
Wanying Li
author_facet Yujie Zhou
Yiheng Zhang
Wanying Li
author_sort Yujie Zhou
collection DOAJ
description Soil organic carbon (SOC), as a crucial carbon reservoir and a key component of ecosystems, plays an essential role in mitigating global climate warming driven by carbon emissions from human activities. In this study, we developed the Human Activity Intensity (HAI) index, which integrates factors such as population density and land use/land cover, establishing a spatial linkage between surface and subsurface SOC data at multiple depths. Additionally, we investigated the influence of surface ecological conditions, represented by the Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI) on SOC. Our analysis elucidates the differential impacts of human activities and ecological conditions on SOC across distinct soil layers, underscoring the pivotal role of SOC as a fundamental ecological variable. Results from the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model showed that the primary negative impacts (GWR regression coefficient < 0) of HAI on RSEI were concentrated in the central region of Shaanxi Province, with relatively minor positive effects. In contrast, significant positive impacts (GWR regression coefficient > 0) were predominantly observed in the northern part of Yulin City. Furthermore, we found that the spatial effects of HAI on surface SOC were more pronounced than those on multi-subsurface SOC layers. GWR model results indicated a gradual decline in the spatial effects with increasing soil depth, stabilizing at approximately 60 cm. The spatial distribution of surface vegetation conditions and land use/cover was found to significantly influence the spatial patterns of both surface and subsurface SOC across multiple soil layers. Collectively, our findings offer valuable macro-scale insights into the spatial relationships between human activities and SOC, extending the analysis into a multidimensional environmental context.
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spelling doaj-art-bca2a88cd9aa4199b12db0f89b829cd92025-08-20T01:57:12ZengElsevierEcological Indicators1470-160X2025-06-0117511360310.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113603Spatial effects of human activities on multi-subsurface soil organic carbon during the last 20 years in Shaanxi Province, ChinaYujie Zhou0Yiheng Zhang1Wanying Li2Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co.,Ltd and Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072 Shaanxi, China; Corresponding author at: Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 127, Youyi West Road, Xi’an 710072, PR China.Shaanxi Provincial Agricultural Development Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710075 Shaanxi, ChinaTechnology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co.,Ltd and Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Agricultural Development Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710075 Shaanxi, ChinaSoil organic carbon (SOC), as a crucial carbon reservoir and a key component of ecosystems, plays an essential role in mitigating global climate warming driven by carbon emissions from human activities. In this study, we developed the Human Activity Intensity (HAI) index, which integrates factors such as population density and land use/land cover, establishing a spatial linkage between surface and subsurface SOC data at multiple depths. Additionally, we investigated the influence of surface ecological conditions, represented by the Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI) on SOC. Our analysis elucidates the differential impacts of human activities and ecological conditions on SOC across distinct soil layers, underscoring the pivotal role of SOC as a fundamental ecological variable. Results from the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model showed that the primary negative impacts (GWR regression coefficient < 0) of HAI on RSEI were concentrated in the central region of Shaanxi Province, with relatively minor positive effects. In contrast, significant positive impacts (GWR regression coefficient > 0) were predominantly observed in the northern part of Yulin City. Furthermore, we found that the spatial effects of HAI on surface SOC were more pronounced than those on multi-subsurface SOC layers. GWR model results indicated a gradual decline in the spatial effects with increasing soil depth, stabilizing at approximately 60 cm. The spatial distribution of surface vegetation conditions and land use/cover was found to significantly influence the spatial patterns of both surface and subsurface SOC across multiple soil layers. Collectively, our findings offer valuable macro-scale insights into the spatial relationships between human activities and SOC, extending the analysis into a multidimensional environmental context.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25005333Human activitiesSoil organic carbonSpatial effectsRSEI indexGWR model
spellingShingle Yujie Zhou
Yiheng Zhang
Wanying Li
Spatial effects of human activities on multi-subsurface soil organic carbon during the last 20 years in Shaanxi Province, China
Ecological Indicators
Human activities
Soil organic carbon
Spatial effects
RSEI index
GWR model
title Spatial effects of human activities on multi-subsurface soil organic carbon during the last 20 years in Shaanxi Province, China
title_full Spatial effects of human activities on multi-subsurface soil organic carbon during the last 20 years in Shaanxi Province, China
title_fullStr Spatial effects of human activities on multi-subsurface soil organic carbon during the last 20 years in Shaanxi Province, China
title_full_unstemmed Spatial effects of human activities on multi-subsurface soil organic carbon during the last 20 years in Shaanxi Province, China
title_short Spatial effects of human activities on multi-subsurface soil organic carbon during the last 20 years in Shaanxi Province, China
title_sort spatial effects of human activities on multi subsurface soil organic carbon during the last 20 years in shaanxi province china
topic Human activities
Soil organic carbon
Spatial effects
RSEI index
GWR model
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25005333
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