Causal inference of inflammatory proteins in infertility: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundInfertility affects 8-12% of couples globally, manifesting as a complex reproductive disorder with varied causes, negatively impacting emotional, physical, and social well-being. Inflammation is implicated in many diseases, including male and female infertility.MethodsThis study employed M...

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Main Authors: Peng Chen, Sha Ni, Ling Ou-Yang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-02-01
Series:Frontiers in Endocrinology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1448530/full
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author Peng Chen
Sha Ni
Ling Ou-Yang
author_facet Peng Chen
Sha Ni
Ling Ou-Yang
author_sort Peng Chen
collection DOAJ
description BackgroundInfertility affects 8-12% of couples globally, manifesting as a complex reproductive disorder with varied causes, negatively impacting emotional, physical, and social well-being. Inflammation is implicated in many diseases, including male and female infertility.MethodsThis study employed Mendelian randomization (MR) with two-sample, bidirectional, and mediation approaches to explore the relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and infertility. Causal analysis was conducted using inverse variance-weighted (IVW) and MR-Egger regression, supplemented by enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network exploration, and drug signature analysis.ResultsOur findings identified a significant positive correlation between C-X-C motif chemokine 6 (CXCL6) and male infertility, positioning CXCL6 as a potential therapeutic target or biomarker. No causal links were detected between circulating inflammatory proteins and female infertility post-FDR adjustment. Minor mediation effects were observed for metabolites such as androstenediol monosulfate, arachidonoylcholine, and serum phosphate to glycerol ratio. Cytokine-related pathways emerged as significant in both male and female infertility. Gene-drug interaction analysis highlighted the need for further investigation of pioglitazone in treating female infertility.ConclusionThis study establishes a potentially causal relationship between CXCL6 and male infertility, suggesting its potential as a drug target or molecular biomarker. The integrative approach combining causal inference with molecular pathway and drug interaction analysis opens new avenues for understanding and treating infertility.
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spelling doaj-art-bc85c097563f4b5ba668232b20485e8c2025-08-20T02:15:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922025-02-011610.3389/fendo.2025.14485301448530Causal inference of inflammatory proteins in infertility: a Mendelian randomization studyPeng ChenSha NiLing Ou-YangBackgroundInfertility affects 8-12% of couples globally, manifesting as a complex reproductive disorder with varied causes, negatively impacting emotional, physical, and social well-being. Inflammation is implicated in many diseases, including male and female infertility.MethodsThis study employed Mendelian randomization (MR) with two-sample, bidirectional, and mediation approaches to explore the relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and infertility. Causal analysis was conducted using inverse variance-weighted (IVW) and MR-Egger regression, supplemented by enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network exploration, and drug signature analysis.ResultsOur findings identified a significant positive correlation between C-X-C motif chemokine 6 (CXCL6) and male infertility, positioning CXCL6 as a potential therapeutic target or biomarker. No causal links were detected between circulating inflammatory proteins and female infertility post-FDR adjustment. Minor mediation effects were observed for metabolites such as androstenediol monosulfate, arachidonoylcholine, and serum phosphate to glycerol ratio. Cytokine-related pathways emerged as significant in both male and female infertility. Gene-drug interaction analysis highlighted the need for further investigation of pioglitazone in treating female infertility.ConclusionThis study establishes a potentially causal relationship between CXCL6 and male infertility, suggesting its potential as a drug target or molecular biomarker. The integrative approach combining causal inference with molecular pathway and drug interaction analysis opens new avenues for understanding and treating infertility.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1448530/fullinfertilityMendelian randomizationdrug targetmolecular biomarkerCXCL6
spellingShingle Peng Chen
Sha Ni
Ling Ou-Yang
Causal inference of inflammatory proteins in infertility: a Mendelian randomization study
Frontiers in Endocrinology
infertility
Mendelian randomization
drug target
molecular biomarker
CXCL6
title Causal inference of inflammatory proteins in infertility: a Mendelian randomization study
title_full Causal inference of inflammatory proteins in infertility: a Mendelian randomization study
title_fullStr Causal inference of inflammatory proteins in infertility: a Mendelian randomization study
title_full_unstemmed Causal inference of inflammatory proteins in infertility: a Mendelian randomization study
title_short Causal inference of inflammatory proteins in infertility: a Mendelian randomization study
title_sort causal inference of inflammatory proteins in infertility a mendelian randomization study
topic infertility
Mendelian randomization
drug target
molecular biomarker
CXCL6
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1448530/full
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AT shani causalinferenceofinflammatoryproteinsininfertilityamendelianrandomizationstudy
AT lingouyang causalinferenceofinflammatoryproteinsininfertilityamendelianrandomizationstudy