Preparation of Non-Covalent BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterojunction Photocatalysts and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Under Solar Irradiation
In this study, the BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method. BPTCD (3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride) is immobilised on the surface of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</su...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Xing Wei Gaopeng Jia Ru Chen Yalong Zhang |
| author_facet | Xing Wei Gaopeng Jia Ru Chen Yalong Zhang |
| author_sort | Xing Wei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method. BPTCD (3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride) is immobilised on the surface of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> by non-covalent π-π stacking. The BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunction photocatalyst is an all-organic photocatalyst with significantly improved photocatalytic performance compared with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-60% was able to effectively degrade MO solution (10 mg/L) to 99.9% and 82.8% in 60 min under full spectrum and visible light. The TOC measurement results indicate that MO can ultimately be decomposed into H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> through photocatalytic action. The photodegradation of methyl orange by BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite materials under sunlight is mainly attributed to the successful construction of the heterojunction structure and its excellent π-π stacking effect. Superoxide radicals (<sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) were found to be the main active species, while <sup>•</sup>OH and h<sup>+</sup> played a secondary role. The synthesised BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> also showed excellent stability in the activity of photodegradation of MO in wastewater, with the performance remaining above 90% after three cycles. The mechanism of the photocatalytic removal of MO dyes was also investigated by the trap agent experiments. Additionally, BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-60% demonstrated exceptional photodegradation performance in the degradation of methylene blue (MB). BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunctions have great potential to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater under solar irradiation conditions. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
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| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-bc7d0b7c8e01446996421293ae9b18982025-08-20T03:07:55ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-07-011514113110.3390/nano15141131Preparation of Non-Covalent BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterojunction Photocatalysts and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Under Solar IrradiationXing Wei0Gaopeng Jia1Ru Chen2Yalong Zhang3Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, ChinaInstitute of Textile and Apparel, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, ChinaInstitute of Textile and Apparel, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, ChinaInstitute of Textile and Apparel, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, ChinaIn this study, the BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method. BPTCD (3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride) is immobilised on the surface of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> by non-covalent π-π stacking. The BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunction photocatalyst is an all-organic photocatalyst with significantly improved photocatalytic performance compared with g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-60% was able to effectively degrade MO solution (10 mg/L) to 99.9% and 82.8% in 60 min under full spectrum and visible light. The TOC measurement results indicate that MO can ultimately be decomposed into H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> through photocatalytic action. The photodegradation of methyl orange by BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite materials under sunlight is mainly attributed to the successful construction of the heterojunction structure and its excellent π-π stacking effect. Superoxide radicals (<sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) were found to be the main active species, while <sup>•</sup>OH and h<sup>+</sup> played a secondary role. The synthesised BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> also showed excellent stability in the activity of photodegradation of MO in wastewater, with the performance remaining above 90% after three cycles. The mechanism of the photocatalytic removal of MO dyes was also investigated by the trap agent experiments. Additionally, BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-60% demonstrated exceptional photodegradation performance in the degradation of methylene blue (MB). BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterojunctions have great potential to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater under solar irradiation conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/14/1131heterojunction photocatalystg-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydrideorganic pollutants |
| spellingShingle | Xing Wei Gaopeng Jia Ru Chen Yalong Zhang Preparation of Non-Covalent BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterojunction Photocatalysts and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Under Solar Irradiation Nanomaterials heterojunction photocatalyst g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride organic pollutants |
| title | Preparation of Non-Covalent BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterojunction Photocatalysts and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Under Solar Irradiation |
| title_full | Preparation of Non-Covalent BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterojunction Photocatalysts and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Under Solar Irradiation |
| title_fullStr | Preparation of Non-Covalent BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterojunction Photocatalysts and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Under Solar Irradiation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preparation of Non-Covalent BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterojunction Photocatalysts and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Under Solar Irradiation |
| title_short | Preparation of Non-Covalent BPTCD/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Heterojunction Photocatalysts and Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Under Solar Irradiation |
| title_sort | preparation of non covalent bptcd g c sub 3 sub n sub 4 sub heterojunction photocatalysts and photodegradation of organic dyes under solar irradiation |
| topic | heterojunction photocatalyst g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride organic pollutants |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/14/1131 |
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