Emerging threats of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b: cross-species transmission, pathogenesis, and pandemic risk

Emerging threats of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b: cross-species transmission, pathogenesis, and pandemic risk

H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) with zoonotic potential, posing a significant risk to animal health, agriculture, and human public health. A particular strain, clade 2.3.4.4b, has spread globally and has been detected in various mammalian species—including cattle and a limi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Riaz-M Azeem, Ying-Shi Yang, Siddique Sehrish, Chun-Wei Shi, Gui-Lian Yang, Suthar-Teerath Kumar, Wen-Tao Yang, Chun-Feng Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Subjects:
cattle
cross-species barrier
HPAIV H5N1
mammals
molecular adaptations
reassortment
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1625665/full
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