Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological tools
Introduction: Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) represents the prevailing presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) that comprises ∼35 % of EPTB cases, respectively and mainly occurs at cervical lymph nodes. Diagnostic challenge in TBL is primarily due to paucibacillary nature of specimens, a...
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Elsevier
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Medicine in Microecology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590097824000193 |
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| author | Nitin Kumar Anish Khan Sanjit Boora Neha Chadha Nisha Khan Puneet Raina Rajesh Gupta Raj Singh Samander Kaushik |
| author_facet | Nitin Kumar Anish Khan Sanjit Boora Neha Chadha Nisha Khan Puneet Raina Rajesh Gupta Raj Singh Samander Kaushik |
| author_sort | Nitin Kumar |
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| description | Introduction: Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) represents the prevailing presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) that comprises ∼35 % of EPTB cases, respectively and mainly occurs at cervical lymph nodes. Diagnostic challenge in TBL is primarily due to paucibacillary nature of specimens, and most common laboratory tests produced inconclusive findings. Areas covered: We evaluated the literature on current diagnostic methods for TBL. Smear microscopy, culture, tuberculin skin test, interferon-γ release assay, biochemical assessments, imaging, histopathological, and cytological examination, etc. are various conventional methods used to diagnose TBL but these are insufficient. Further, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), PCR/multiplex-PCR, nested-PCR, real-time PCR, and GeneXpert®MTB/RIF utilized for TBL diagnosis but they have their own merits and demerits. Presently, several tools have been employed for detection of circulating Mtb cell-free DNA (cfDNA) through NAATs, aptamer-linked immobilized sorbent assay, and immuno-PCR (I-PCR), etc. Conclusion: Currently, there is no single accessible test available for effective diagnosis of TBL. In this review, we summarized all detailed conventional methodologies along with additional tools such as ALISA, I-PCR, and cfDNA for detection of Mtb biomarkers that have been utilized for diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) and various forms of EPTB that may also be investigated for diagnosis of TBL. Early diagnosis and treatment would help in reducing the severe complications associated with TBL such as fistula, ulceration, or abscess formation in lymph nodes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bc4ee215796d4c9681602823aaa5b5f7 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2590-0978 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicine in Microecology |
| spelling | doaj-art-bc4ee215796d4c9681602823aaa5b5f72025-08-20T02:36:09ZengElsevierMedicine in Microecology2590-09782024-12-012210011610.1016/j.medmic.2024.100116Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological toolsNitin Kumar0Anish Khan1Sanjit Boora2Neha Chadha3Nisha Khan4Puneet Raina5Rajesh Gupta6Raj Singh7Samander Kaushik8Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India; Corresponding authors.Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind-126102, Haryana, India; Corresponding authors. Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind-126102, Haryana, IndiaCentre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, DAV College, Sector-10, Chandigarh-160011, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, DAV College, Sector-10, Chandigarh-160011, IndiaDepartment of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India; Corresponding authors.Department of Orthopaedics, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India; Corresponding author.Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India; Corresponding author.Introduction: Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) represents the prevailing presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) that comprises ∼35 % of EPTB cases, respectively and mainly occurs at cervical lymph nodes. Diagnostic challenge in TBL is primarily due to paucibacillary nature of specimens, and most common laboratory tests produced inconclusive findings. Areas covered: We evaluated the literature on current diagnostic methods for TBL. Smear microscopy, culture, tuberculin skin test, interferon-γ release assay, biochemical assessments, imaging, histopathological, and cytological examination, etc. are various conventional methods used to diagnose TBL but these are insufficient. Further, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), PCR/multiplex-PCR, nested-PCR, real-time PCR, and GeneXpert®MTB/RIF utilized for TBL diagnosis but they have their own merits and demerits. Presently, several tools have been employed for detection of circulating Mtb cell-free DNA (cfDNA) through NAATs, aptamer-linked immobilized sorbent assay, and immuno-PCR (I-PCR), etc. Conclusion: Currently, there is no single accessible test available for effective diagnosis of TBL. In this review, we summarized all detailed conventional methodologies along with additional tools such as ALISA, I-PCR, and cfDNA for detection of Mtb biomarkers that have been utilized for diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) and various forms of EPTB that may also be investigated for diagnosis of TBL. Early diagnosis and treatment would help in reducing the severe complications associated with TBL such as fistula, ulceration, or abscess formation in lymph nodes.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590097824000193DiagnosisGeneXpert®MTB/RIFMycobacterium tuberculosisNAATsTB lymphadenitisTuberculosis |
| spellingShingle | Nitin Kumar Anish Khan Sanjit Boora Neha Chadha Nisha Khan Puneet Raina Rajesh Gupta Raj Singh Samander Kaushik Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological tools Medicine in Microecology Diagnosis GeneXpert®MTB/RIF Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAATs TB lymphadenitis Tuberculosis |
| title | Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological tools |
| title_full | Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological tools |
| title_fullStr | Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological tools |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological tools |
| title_short | Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological tools |
| title_sort | diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis by molecular and immunological tools |
| topic | Diagnosis GeneXpert®MTB/RIF Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAATs TB lymphadenitis Tuberculosis |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590097824000193 |
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