The Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag as Fine Aggregates in Concrete: Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties

This study examines the feasibility of using basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) as an alternative to fine crushed limestone aggregate in concrete. BOFS is sourced from two steel production facilities in Türkiye, designated as I-BOFS and E-BOFS. The experimental results showed that as the E-BOFS ag...

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Main Author: Hakan Ozkan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Yildiz Technical University 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies
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author Hakan Ozkan
author_facet Hakan Ozkan
author_sort Hakan Ozkan
collection DOAJ
description This study examines the feasibility of using basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) as an alternative to fine crushed limestone aggregate in concrete. BOFS is sourced from two steel production facilities in Türkiye, designated as I-BOFS and E-BOFS. The experimental results showed that as the E-BOFS aggregate replacement ratio increased, the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio increased to maintain the target workability. The concrete mixtures incorporating E-BOFS exhibited consistent reductions in the compressive strength with an increase in the BOFS ratio. At the same time, I-BOFS maintained higher compressive strength, with only minor losses up to 80% of the substitution ratio. Flexural strength was similarly affected, with notable reductions at higher BOFS levels, though I-BOFS performed better. Water penetration depth values remained similar to the reference concrete for both BOFS sources up to a 60% replacement ratio. Conversely, higher replacement levels led to increased water permeability. In summary, the study concludes that the inherent BOFS aggregate characteristics, such as mechanical strength, water absorption, and fines content, significantly affect the fresh and hardened concrete properties, which might limit their utilization ratio in concrete and require detailed testing before using such aggregates.
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spelling doaj-art-bc447d7517cb4fd4ba48e4240a59c3ee2025-08-20T03:56:51ZengYildiz Technical UniversityJournal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies2458-973X2025-06-0110228029110.29187/2458-973X.1189The Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag as Fine Aggregates in Concrete: Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties Hakan Ozkan0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9260-7314Betâo Liz SA, Avenida Almirante Gago Coutinho, Portela 2710-418 Sintra, PortugalThis study examines the feasibility of using basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) as an alternative to fine crushed limestone aggregate in concrete. BOFS is sourced from two steel production facilities in Türkiye, designated as I-BOFS and E-BOFS. The experimental results showed that as the E-BOFS aggregate replacement ratio increased, the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio increased to maintain the target workability. The concrete mixtures incorporating E-BOFS exhibited consistent reductions in the compressive strength with an increase in the BOFS ratio. At the same time, I-BOFS maintained higher compressive strength, with only minor losses up to 80% of the substitution ratio. Flexural strength was similarly affected, with notable reductions at higher BOFS levels, though I-BOFS performed better. Water penetration depth values remained similar to the reference concrete for both BOFS sources up to a 60% replacement ratio. Conversely, higher replacement levels led to increased water permeability. In summary, the study concludes that the inherent BOFS aggregate characteristics, such as mechanical strength, water absorption, and fines content, significantly affect the fresh and hardened concrete properties, which might limit their utilization ratio in concrete and require detailed testing before using such aggregates.basic oxygen furnace slagmechanical propertieswater penetration depthalternative aggregate
spellingShingle Hakan Ozkan
The Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag as Fine Aggregates in Concrete: Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties
Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies
basic oxygen furnace slag
mechanical properties
water penetration depth
alternative aggregate
title The Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag as Fine Aggregates in Concrete: Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties
title_full The Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag as Fine Aggregates in Concrete: Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties
title_fullStr The Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag as Fine Aggregates in Concrete: Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties
title_full_unstemmed The Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag as Fine Aggregates in Concrete: Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties
title_short The Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag as Fine Aggregates in Concrete: Physical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties
title_sort utilization of basic oxygen furnace slag as fine aggregates in concrete physical mechanical and durability properties
topic basic oxygen furnace slag
mechanical properties
water penetration depth
alternative aggregate
work_keys_str_mv AT hakanozkan theutilizationofbasicoxygenfurnaceslagasfineaggregatesinconcretephysicalmechanicalanddurabilityproperties
AT hakanozkan utilizationofbasicoxygenfurnaceslagasfineaggregatesinconcretephysicalmechanicalanddurabilityproperties