Sigma Delta Modulation Controller and Associated Cybersecurity Issues with Battery Energy Storage Integrated with PV-Based Microgrid
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) play a crucial role in integrating renewable energy sources into microgrids. However, robust BESS controllers are needed to carry out this function properly. Existing controllers suffer from overshoots and slow convergence issues. Moreover, as electrical grid n...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Syeda Afra Saiara Mohd. Hasan Ali |
| author_facet | Syeda Afra Saiara Mohd. Hasan Ali |
| author_sort | Syeda Afra Saiara |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) play a crucial role in integrating renewable energy sources into microgrids. However, robust BESS controllers are needed to carry out this function properly. Existing controllers suffer from overshoots and slow convergence issues. Moreover, as electrical grid networks become increasingly connected, the risk of cyberattacks grows, and traditional physics-based anomaly detection methods face challenges such as reliance on predefined models, high computational demands, and limited scalability for complex, large-scale data. To address the limitations of the existing approaches, this paper first proposes a novel sigma-delta modulation (SDM) controller for BESSs in solar photovoltaic (PV)-connected microgrids. The performance of SDM has been compared with those of the proportional–integral (PI) controller and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Also, this paper proposes an improved ensemble-based method to detect the false data injection (FDI) and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks on the BESS controller. The performance of the proposed detection method has been compared with that of the traditional ensemble-based method. Four PV-connected microgrid systems, namely the solar DC microgrid, grid-connected solar AC microgrid, hybrid AC microgrid with two BESSs, and hybrid AC microgrid with a single BESS, have been considered to show the effectiveness of the proposed control and detection methods. The MATLAB/Simulink-based results show the effectiveness and better performance of the proposed controller and detection methods. Numerical results demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed SDM controller, with a 35% reduction in AC bus voltage error compared to the conventional PI controller and FLC. Similarly, the proposed SAMME AdaBoost detection method achieves superior accuracy with an F1 score of 95%, outperforming the existing ensemble approaches. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bc376d33b8b743398613fcc9fe32528f |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-bc376d33b8b743398613fcc9fe32528f2025-08-20T02:57:13ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732024-12-011724646310.3390/en17246463Sigma Delta Modulation Controller and Associated Cybersecurity Issues with Battery Energy Storage Integrated with PV-Based MicrogridSyeda Afra Saiara0Mohd. Hasan Ali1Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38111, USADepartment of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38111, USABattery energy storage systems (BESSs) play a crucial role in integrating renewable energy sources into microgrids. However, robust BESS controllers are needed to carry out this function properly. Existing controllers suffer from overshoots and slow convergence issues. Moreover, as electrical grid networks become increasingly connected, the risk of cyberattacks grows, and traditional physics-based anomaly detection methods face challenges such as reliance on predefined models, high computational demands, and limited scalability for complex, large-scale data. To address the limitations of the existing approaches, this paper first proposes a novel sigma-delta modulation (SDM) controller for BESSs in solar photovoltaic (PV)-connected microgrids. The performance of SDM has been compared with those of the proportional–integral (PI) controller and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Also, this paper proposes an improved ensemble-based method to detect the false data injection (FDI) and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks on the BESS controller. The performance of the proposed detection method has been compared with that of the traditional ensemble-based method. Four PV-connected microgrid systems, namely the solar DC microgrid, grid-connected solar AC microgrid, hybrid AC microgrid with two BESSs, and hybrid AC microgrid with a single BESS, have been considered to show the effectiveness of the proposed control and detection methods. The MATLAB/Simulink-based results show the effectiveness and better performance of the proposed controller and detection methods. Numerical results demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed SDM controller, with a 35% reduction in AC bus voltage error compared to the conventional PI controller and FLC. Similarly, the proposed SAMME AdaBoost detection method achieves superior accuracy with an F1 score of 95%, outperforming the existing ensemble approaches.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/24/6463battery energy storage systemsigma-delta modulation controllercyberattacks |
| spellingShingle | Syeda Afra Saiara Mohd. Hasan Ali Sigma Delta Modulation Controller and Associated Cybersecurity Issues with Battery Energy Storage Integrated with PV-Based Microgrid Energies battery energy storage system sigma-delta modulation controller cyberattacks |
| title | Sigma Delta Modulation Controller and Associated Cybersecurity Issues with Battery Energy Storage Integrated with PV-Based Microgrid |
| title_full | Sigma Delta Modulation Controller and Associated Cybersecurity Issues with Battery Energy Storage Integrated with PV-Based Microgrid |
| title_fullStr | Sigma Delta Modulation Controller and Associated Cybersecurity Issues with Battery Energy Storage Integrated with PV-Based Microgrid |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sigma Delta Modulation Controller and Associated Cybersecurity Issues with Battery Energy Storage Integrated with PV-Based Microgrid |
| title_short | Sigma Delta Modulation Controller and Associated Cybersecurity Issues with Battery Energy Storage Integrated with PV-Based Microgrid |
| title_sort | sigma delta modulation controller and associated cybersecurity issues with battery energy storage integrated with pv based microgrid |
| topic | battery energy storage system sigma-delta modulation controller cyberattacks |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/24/6463 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT syedaafrasaiara sigmadeltamodulationcontrollerandassociatedcybersecurityissueswithbatteryenergystorageintegratedwithpvbasedmicrogrid AT mohdhasanali sigmadeltamodulationcontrollerandassociatedcybersecurityissueswithbatteryenergystorageintegratedwithpvbasedmicrogrid |