The psychedelic-peptide paradox: a hormetic hypothesis

The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the hypothesis that two neuropeptides, vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) and their receptors have central roles in the behavioral and physiological consequences of psychedelic interventions. Transient consequences of psychedelics can include anxiet...

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Main Author: C. Sue Carter
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-08-01
Series:Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666497625000220
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author C. Sue Carter
author_facet C. Sue Carter
author_sort C. Sue Carter
collection DOAJ
description The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the hypothesis that two neuropeptides, vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) and their receptors have central roles in the behavioral and physiological consequences of psychedelic interventions. Transient consequences of psychedelics can include anxiety and in some cases sickness responses such as nausea and vomiting, which may involve VP and other components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stressful experiences are often followed by a pulsatile release of OT. The effects of OT depend on interactions with VP and may be more apparent following stressful experiences including those associated with psychedelic drugs. Effects of both the VP-OT system and psychedelics also are mediated through interactions with the autonomic nervous system and the immune system, contributing to a process called “stress response hormesis.” The hypotheses arising from a hormetic perspective could guide novel approaches to understanding dose- and time-dependent psychedelic functions and to the treatment of emotional and physical disorders.
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spelling doaj-art-bc184372ee984a0d9904acf75f3a85862025-08-20T03:01:46ZengElsevierComprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology2666-49762025-08-012310030310.1016/j.cpnec.2025.100303The psychedelic-peptide paradox: a hormetic hypothesisC. Sue Carter0Kinsey Institute, Indiana University and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, USAThe purpose of this narrative review is to examine the hypothesis that two neuropeptides, vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) and their receptors have central roles in the behavioral and physiological consequences of psychedelic interventions. Transient consequences of psychedelics can include anxiety and in some cases sickness responses such as nausea and vomiting, which may involve VP and other components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Stressful experiences are often followed by a pulsatile release of OT. The effects of OT depend on interactions with VP and may be more apparent following stressful experiences including those associated with psychedelic drugs. Effects of both the VP-OT system and psychedelics also are mediated through interactions with the autonomic nervous system and the immune system, contributing to a process called “stress response hormesis.” The hypotheses arising from a hormetic perspective could guide novel approaches to understanding dose- and time-dependent psychedelic functions and to the treatment of emotional and physical disorders.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666497625000220PsychedelicsOxytocinVasopressinStressHormesis
spellingShingle C. Sue Carter
The psychedelic-peptide paradox: a hormetic hypothesis
Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology
Psychedelics
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Stress
Hormesis
title The psychedelic-peptide paradox: a hormetic hypothesis
title_full The psychedelic-peptide paradox: a hormetic hypothesis
title_fullStr The psychedelic-peptide paradox: a hormetic hypothesis
title_full_unstemmed The psychedelic-peptide paradox: a hormetic hypothesis
title_short The psychedelic-peptide paradox: a hormetic hypothesis
title_sort psychedelic peptide paradox a hormetic hypothesis
topic Psychedelics
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Stress
Hormesis
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666497625000220
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